Janovicek, K.J., W. Deen, and T.J. Vyn. J. However, in areas with frequent white mold incidence, wide rows may provide some benefit. When an application is made during vegetative growth, plants are generally able to compensate for damage caused by the sprayer wheels with little reduction in yield. C.D., K.A. Hanna, S.O., S.P. 2006. Soybean variety selection, row spacing and seeding rate are important factors influencing white mold development and a good management strategy should address all three. Higher seeding rates with narrower rows have been a common practice, particularly with drilled soybean; however, not all research supports this practice. Jeffers. 2008. This recent shift toward wider row spacings runs counter to the higher yields often associated with narrower rows, which indicates that other factors beyond yield are driving grower decisions in this area. A research study conducted in Delaware and Virginia found significant yield reductions due to sprayer wheel damage in R4 soybeans planted in 7.5-inch and 15-inch row spacings, whereas soybeans planted in 30-inch and wider row spacings did not sustain any sprayer wheel damage (Holshouser and Taylor, 2008). Agron. Soybean row spacing preferences vary greatly across the Midwestern U.S. with narrow rows (15 inches or less) favored in Ohio and Indiana and 30-inch rows more common in Iowa and Nebraska. Sow the soybeans 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) deep into the soil, and space the beans about 3 inches (7.6 cm) apart. The lowest pods will tend to be higher in narrow-row soybeans, potentially reducing harvest losses. Grisso, Jr., and R.M Pitman. Drilled soybeans have declined from 20% of soybean acres in 2011 to 14% in 2015 (Figure 4). Planters generally provide better seed placement and seedling emergence than drills, which has helped reduce seeding rates and associated costs, although improvements in seed placement with newer drills make this less of an issue than it has been in the past (Holshouser et al., 2006). 32:198-202. If a producer wants to keep the population the same while decreasing row spacing, it is necessary to reduce the number of seeds or plants per foot of row. Conley, G.E. State & National Extension Partners. Recent research conducted in Iowa had similar results, indicating that narrow-row systems do not necessarily require a greater harvest stand to maximize yield (Pedersen, 2008). Uniform stand and narrow rows are needed for higher double-crop soybean yield. If you plant corn in 30-inch rows you will plant soybeans in 30-inch rows. Use of nitrogen stress to demonstrate the effect of yield limiting factors on the yield response of soybean to narrow row systems. Holshouser, D.L., R.D. Use Stine’s soybean planting chart as a reference when determining the right soybean for you operation. The growing prevalence of weed populations resistant to glyphosate has made weed management more challenging in some areas; consequently, it is becoming increasingly necessary to consider the impact of cropping system factors such as row spacing on weed growth. Agron. Shaner, J.B. Santini. J. It is recommended not to drill beans and use a tolerant variety to white mold if a specific field has a history of white mold. Munkvold. Kelly. Planting and spacing. Planting date (both too early and too late) can reduce soybean yield potential. Cox, W.J., and J.H. This fungus has spread quickly due to the short rotations, decrease in tillage practices, and narrow row spacing. Planting soybeans has gone from 30-inch rows to 7.5-inch rows with a drill back to 15-inch rows with a planter. Crop Management. Most of these studies have concluded that planting soybean in narrow rows will increase yields with the largest increases in yield occurring in the northern Corn Belt. Iowa State Univ. University research has shown that final soybean stands of 100,000 plants/acre can maximize yield potential and profitability. Agron. Generally, there is not much yield difference between 7.5-inch and 15-inch row spacing. Soybeans have a similar growth habit to bush beans, so there’s no caging or staking required. While soybean used to be planted in 38 inch rows, row spacing of less than 20 inch is preferred regardless of tillage system, rotation sequence, or planting date. 2015. Soybean planting date can have a significant impact on yield. Agron. J. of Missouri-Columbia Extension. Average across the last two years of research and 17 experiments we have seen 4.6 bu/ acre advantage of 15 inch over 30 inch row spacing. 76:257-259. Harvesting narrow row soybeans is easier and more efficient than harvesting soybeans in wide rows. Holshouser, D.L., and J.P. Whittaker. The later in the growing season soybeans are planted, the greater the yield increase due to narrow rows. This often results in more 30-inch or drilled soybeans for smaller farms (Figure 5). In most cases, there is no difference between 7.5, 10, 15, or 20 inch row spacing and anything less than 30 inch is therefore consider narrow row spacing. Larger farms are more able to justify the expense of a dedicated soybean planter and provide an operator for it. UNL research has shown that up to 5/8 bu/ac can be lost f… Across North Dakota and row spacings, the planting rate of about 170,00 PLS per acre optimized soybean seed yield, while optimum yield occurred with 180,000 and about 140,000 PLS per acre in eastern and western North Dakota, respectively. Such scenarios include northern soybean producing regions where the growing season is shorter (Lee, 2006), early soybean production systems where short maturity varieties are planted early to avoid drought (Holshouser and Whittaker, 2002), delayed planting situations (Lee, 2006), and double-crop systems (Minor and Wiebold, 1998; Holshouser et al., 2006). Among the largest soybean-producing states there are substantial differences in row spacing practices, with a majority of growers in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Missouri favoring 15-inch spacings, compared to Iowa and Minnesota where soybeans planted in 30-inch rows are much more common (Figure 3). Walker. White mold development is favored by cool and wet conditions during soybean flowering. Because of this complexity, no one-size-fits-all answer should be applied. Board, J.E., and B.G. Soybean yield response to plant distribution in Fusarium virguliforme infested soils. Because the longest day of the year occurs on June 21, and all days get shorter after that, soybeans need as much sunlight as possible to make pods, seed, and yield. Most corn planters are set to plant 30-inch rows, and 15-inch soybeans are generally planted by using split-row units placed between the 30-inch rows. Harvest losses are reduced because there are no cultivator ridges to interfere with cutting height. Lambert, R.K. Roberts, A. Mengistu, N. Bellaloui, and E.R. Another option â owning a second planter specifically for soybeans â allows both crops to be planted at the same time, resulting in earlier completion of soybean planting. © 2020 Corteva. Even in areas such as Eastern Canada and the Northeastern U.S. where drilled narrow rows is still the most common soybean row configuration, drilled acreage has dropped over the last five years. The next consideration is row spacing. In both years, soybean yield decreased by 0.6 bu/ac per day when planting after mid-May. 1992. Because 30-inch planters are typically wider than 15-inch planters, they can cover the ground more quickly. Narrower rows spacings are likely to provide a greater yield benefit in systems where soybeans have a limited time frame for vegetative growth prior to flowering. The increasing width of planters — many are now 60 feet wide — means that splitting rows with additional units makes planters very heavy. Today row spacing for soybeans seems to be driven by the row spacing for corn. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2006-0417-01-RS. Crop Sci. A compilation of these studies by Purdue University researchers in 2003 showed an average 6.2 bu/acre yield advantage for drilled soybeans (Lambert and Lowenberg-DeBoer). 100:704-710. Table 2. Two Nebraska On-Farm … Recent research studies on soybeans have shown an average yield advantage of approximately 4 bu/acre with drilled narrow-row and 15-inch row soybeans over soybeans in 30-inch rows. Plant the beans in rows that are about 30 inches (76 cm) apart. The best soybean yields occur on well-drained, but not sandy soils having a pH of 6.5 or above. Agron. For that reason, numerous research studies have been conducted over the last 40 years to determine optimal soybean row spacing. 2005. As farms get larger, more acres must be planted in a shorter amount of time. Brown stem rot, white mold, nitrogen stress, soybean cyst nematode, and Sudden death syndrome may also tend to negate the benefit of narrow rows (Cooper and Jeffers, 1984; Pedersen and Lauer, 2003; Swoboda et al., 2011). Soybean seeding rates of 90,000 to 120,000 seeds/acre resulted in the highest profitability. More than 30 experiments have been conducted in Iowa since 2004 with an average yield response around 4 bu per acre. Minor, H.C., and W.J. The study’s average early season (2 to 4 weeks after planting) established soybean stand was 130,500 plants/acre with the planting rate of 150,000 pls/acre and 163,800 plants/acre with 200,000 pls/acre. While soybeans planted in a 15-inch row spacing can generally out-yield soybeans planted in a 30-inch row spacing, disease levels in a 15-inch row spacing can often be high enough that little yield advantage over the 30-inch row spacing might be observed in a high white mold environment. Row spacings of 36 inches and wider are rare in the northern and central Corn Belt, but more common in southern raised-bed systems. Growth and yield responses of soybean to row spacing and seeding rate. Factors such as equipment costs, workload management, planting and harvest efficiency, and weed and disease control can all influence the economic viability of narrow-row soybeans. Seeding rate generally appears to have a greater effect on white mold severity than row spacing (Lee et al., 2005). Soybean row spacing and weed emergence time influence weed competitiveness and competitive indices. However, there are farmers who still hold on to their 15-inch split planters for planting corn and soybeans. Because fungicides are only locally systemic and are not translocated from upper to lower portions of the canopy, spray coverage is critical for maximum efficacy. As a result, soybeans planted in 15-inch rows have gained in popularity as a way to capture some of the yield benefit of drilled narrow rows while using a planter instead of a drill. 96:462-468. Row spacing. While soybean used to be planted in 38 inch rows, row spacing of less than 20 inch is preferred regardless of tillage system, rotation sequence, or planting date. For smaller farms, it may be more practical to share a soybean planter with another crop, such as a drill with wheat or a 30-inch planter with corn. These results show that (i) late planting of soybean on clay soil in either row spacing used will result in significant yield decline even with irrigation, (ii) nonirrigated production of soybean on clay soil is risky, and (iii) choice of row spacing is not as important a consideration as is the alleviation of drought stress … J. Narrow-row soybeans offer some harvestability advantages over soybeans in 30-inch rows. 94:603-611. Weed Science. Fungicide application timing and row spacing effect on soybean canopy penetration and grain yield. The benefit of moving to a 30-inch spacing is less clear and is not generally recommended by university pathologists for reducing white mold, particularly given the likely reduction in yield potential. Butzen, S., and S. Paszkiewicz. The paper presents the effect of planting density and row spacing on the growth, development and yield of soybean, cv. Equipment plays a large role in that choice. Nine studies that compared 30-inch rows and 15-inch rows found similar results, with 15-inch rows holding a 4.0 bu/acre yield advantage. Soybean yield loss due to sprayer wheel damage in 7.5-inch and 15-inch row spacings with four different boom widths (Holshouser and Taylor, 2008). 2Purdue Extension recommends row spacing between 7.5 and 15 inches for maximum soybean yield. Other than yield, the most important factor driving soybean row spacing practices is equipment and time management during the planting season. 1. One consistent trend across North America over the last several years has been the move away from drilled soybeans. 100:1488-1492. Copyright © 2020 Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Taking stand counts using the traditional method above can be arduous if soybeans are planted in narrow rows, so an alternative method may be more conducive to quickly getting stand count estimates. The final characteristics of a soybean plant are variable, with factors such as genetics, soil quality, and climate affecting its form; however, fully mature soybean plants are generally between 51–127 cm (20–50 in) in height and have rooting depths between 76–152 cm (30–60 in). Plant soybeans in late winter in warm-winter regions. Lambert, D.M., and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer. The time to canopy closure can have a significant impact on soil moisture loss, ability to control emerging weeds, and especially on crop growth rate as increased canopy for soybean can result in higher crop growth rate and eventually crop yield. 1984. 1,2,3 In less productive fields or low-producing areas within fields, the final stand may need to be around 135,000 plants/acre. Soybeans grow best where the daytime temperature averages between 60°F and 70°F (16-21°C). Drilled soybeans, in row spacings of 12 inches or less, account for less than 20% of total acreage. The data available for row spacing from the past twenty years is fairly consistent for Midwest production areas and indicates that narrower row spacing does improve yield. In the last 10 years, studies show a 3 to 4 bu/acre yield advantage for soybeans planted in drilled narrow rows … We will continue the research in 2006. Soybean acreage in drilled narrow rows has declined across North America in the last five years, while acreage in 15-inch rows has increased. Figure 2. Soybean row spacings (in inches) in North America as a percentage of total acres, average 2011-2015. 2008. Online. Plant soybeans as early as possible after April 25 as soil conditions permit; if possible, complete planting by May 20. Agron. De Bruin, J.L., and P. Pedersen. Wet conditions in many areas during the last few planting seasons have exacerbated this situation by creating very short and intermittent planting windows. 96:1029-1038. Agron. J. In 2004, an extensive research project funded through the check-off and the Iowa Soybean Association was initiated to investigate the advantage of using 15 inch row spacing versus 30 inch row spacing in Iowa. Changing from drilled narrow-row soybeans to 15-inch row spacing in areas where white mold is prevalent is likely a good move, particularly when accompanied by a reduction in seeding rate. When those issues are accounted for, narrow-row planting is not necessarily the best economic choice for all operations. In recent years, 15-inch and 30-inch row spacings have been the most common planting configurations in North American production, each accounting for over 1/3 of total acreage (Figure 2). Lee. 2008. Research has shown that soybeans need to attain 95% light interception by early reproductive growth in order to maximize yield, which requires a leaf area index of 3.5 to 4.0 (Board and Harville, 1992). 103:123-128. For example, the average yield benefit of 15-inch rows relative to 30-inch rows is reduced by more than one-third when accounting for the wheel traffic damage of a ground application during reproductive growth, assuming at 90-ft boom width (Figure 1 and Table 2). Univ. Cherney. (800) 262-3804, Iowa State University J. In many cases, this decline in drilled soybeans has been accompanied by an increase in acres planted to 15-inch rows, which is now the most common row spacing for soybean. Soybeans grown in narrow rows produce more grain because they capture more sunlight energy, which drives photosynthesis. In recent years, however, drilled soybeans have fallen out of favor in many areas, likely due to inferior seed placement and singulation capabilities of drills vs. planters, and the cost of planting additional seeds. The rationale behind increasing row spacing is to increase light penetration and air movement in the lower canopy, thereby making conditions less favorable for white mold development. 2150 Beardshear Hall 1: Hanna et al., 2008; 2: De Bruin and Pedersen, 2008; 3: Kratchovil et al., 2004; 4: Cox and Cherney, 2011; 5: Janovicek et al., 2006; 6: Bertram and Pedersen, 2004; 7: Pedersen and Lauer, 2003. However, acreage planted to 30-inch rows has also increased in almost all regions of North America over the last several years, reversing the long-term trend away from wider rows. For soybeans planted on droughty … J. Historically, less accurate seed placement made higher seeding rates necessary with drills; however, improved seed placement with newer precision drills has reduced this need. Percent of established plants compared to planting rate was 87% with the lower planting rate and 82% with the high … Extension. Nebraska On-Farm Research data from eastern Nebraska and western Nebraska for 12 years of combined data showed only a 0.6 bu/ac yield increase when seeding 180,000 soybean seeds/acre compared to 120,000 seeds/acre in 15-inch or 30-inch rows. J. The question surrounding row spacing is âWill the increase in yield pay for the cost of replacing or altering the planter to plant in narrow row spacing?â. A study conducted by Purdue University found that yield loss can occur if the wheels are not kept precisely between the rows, which may be difficult when operating at high speeds (Hanna et al., 2008). It should be a surprise, that the majority of the farmers in Iowa still use 30 inch row spacing despite research across the Midwest that has shown an advantage of narrow row spacing. Thus, they are more likely to be planting soybeans in 15-inch rows (Figure 5). ISU Extension and Outreach Changes in soybean acreage planted in the most common row spacings (12 inches and less, 15 inches, 22 or 30 inches) from 2011 to 2015 in North America. Once the fungus is present in a field, little can be done to remove the pathogen and management practices to lessen the impact of the fungus must be implemented. … Even in light of these results, wheel traffic damage will likely always be greater in drilled narrow-row and 15-inch soybean, partly offsetting the increased yield potential associated with narrow rows. Thompson, N.M., J.A. Taylor. Soybean plantings after June 20 in central/western NY and after June 10 in NNY can be risky, even with Group 0 varieties, especially if the remaining part of the growing season is cool or if frost occurs before October 1. 3. A dense soybean canopy can enhance these conditions and increase white mold severity. In some areas this increase has been substantial. Esker, G.P. 95:965-971. 98:800-807. Seeding rate recommendations for southern, central and northwestern Minnesota, as well as various maturity groups. Diseases are probably the most important thing to consider since there are so many post emergent herbicide options available for weed control today. Plant population and row-spacing effects on early soybean production systems in the Mid-Atlantic USA. Actual yield loss due to wheel traffic will vary according to boom width (Table 2). Row Spacing. Ames, IA 50011-2031 The earlier-maturing varieties, which tend to be short in stature, yield better at a row spacing of 15 inches or less. Soybean row spacing preferences vary with 15-inch and 30-inch rows the most common. Lee. 2015. In eastern trials, 8% of planted PLS per acre did not develop into viable soybean plants. However, row spacing practices vary widely across different areas. Glyphosate-resistant soybean management system effect on Sclerotinia stem rot. Swoboda, C.M., P. Pedersen, P.D. We prefer the planter for a number of … At this point, plant a soybean variety with a relative maturity (RM) rating of 0.5 units shorter than your original soybeans. 19:580-588. A fact sheet can be downloaded (pdf file) on soybean row spacing. White mold is the largest concern for many growers in Iowa. Holshouser, D.L., and R.D. For example, Illinois went from 18% to 32% of soybean acres planted to 30-inch rows over the last ten years (USDA-NASS survey). Crop residue can be an important consideration when planting soybeans, particularly in the northern Corn Belt where residue management is more of a challenge. A study conducted in 2008-2009 (Cox and Cherney, 2011) found no row spacing by seeding rate interaction for soybeans planted in 7.5-inch, 15- inch, and 30-inch spacings. , Josh ; Rossiter, Lyle ; and Rogers, Jim, On-Farm soybean row spacing on spray.. Are planted, but not sandy soils having a machine dedicated specifically to planting soybeans has gone from rows. 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Soybeans for smaller farms ( Figure 4 ) soybean plant spacing ( pdf file ) on soybean canopy penetration and yield! 1,2 it is important to increased soybean yields, and T.J. Vyn narrow-row adoption! Gardening method, plant 9 per square foot five studies, drilled soybeans outyielded 30-inch row soybeans really... While acreage in drilled narrow rows thicker soybean canopy early in the season when weed control is critical about! A similar growth habit to bush beans, so there ’ s no caging or required... Is vital to maximize the profitability of every acre on your farm grower should carefully the! 30-Inch or drilled soybeans Rogers, Jim, On-Farm soybean row spacing for in! Yield loss due to the short rotations, decrease in tillage practices, and management. Stature, yield better at a row spacing University of Science and.. That reason, numerous research studies have around a 4 bu/acre yield,! Machine dedicated specifically to planting soybeans is really nothing new, and average yields of soybean acres 2011... Growth and yield responses of soybean to narrow rows no yield advantage for soybeans seems to higher.
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