/Parent 2 0 R Local government revenue comes from property, sales, and other taxes; charges and fees; and transfers from federal and state governments. This intervention includes expanding the sheer quantity of service offerings and assets, extending charges to a larger user base, or increasing the frequency of surveillance and inspection for selected fine sources to maximize detection of violations. endobj 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. 0000002251 00000 n 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. /Image87 74 0 R Why do low-income families use tax preparers? Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. In general, this intervention represents the horizon for innovation across all revenue streams. /F1 20 0 R >> This charge generates more than $100 million in revenue each year. What is the history of the federal budget process? With initial adjustments for relevance and size of potential revenue impact, cities can select the most promising streams as revenue generators. (2014). The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ It should also prepare reports on the performance of various initiatives and their respective owners or entities and update revenues studies based on changing market conditions. Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). out of variations from the revenue generation capacities of component units. How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. endobj What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work? It is therefore recommended that these factors that affect administrative functions be addressed; staff salaries should be paid early; the little resources at hand should be utilized in building infrastructural facilities, and the constitutional laws and bye laws should be reviewed for proper understanding of local government autonomy, power and functions as the third tier of government. /Image8 18 0 R 5 0 obj /Tabs /S /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] G$\0#?; Public administration: Theory, analysis and application. How does the federal government spend its money? endobj Part of Springer Nature. 0000000532 00000 n The following steps provide a structured process for cities to determine a tailored and effective solution, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each city. 4. Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. /Tabs /S What is the size of the opportunity? Small businesses . endstream /Type /Page /F5 40 0 R Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. Aransi, I. O. /Resources << Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? What is the unemployment insurance trust fund, and how is it financed? What tax incentives encourage energy production from fossil fuels? Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. /ExtGState << What is the experience of other countries with national retail sales taxes? What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective? << This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). Longman. The final 34 percent of local government general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. /Meta81 69 0 R )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/ /GS31 30 0 R Revenue generation: Its impact on government developmental effort (A study of selected local council in Kogi East senatorial district). >> 2018. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. >> Areas to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease of implementation. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. endobj 9 0 obj 10. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. What would the tax rate be under a national retail sales tax? 3 0 obj 6 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Meta59 53 0 R In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. International Business Management, 3(3), 5460. Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). . wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 /Font << 1346-1366. Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. endobj University of Lagos Press. >> To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. One strategy that cities have followed is introducing an amnesty program for delinquent parking tickets that waives penalties and additional fines as an incentive for motorists to pay up. These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. Grants to local governments 11 Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . What are the options for taxing wealth transfers? Once cities have identified their field of options, they must consider several questions before jumping into implementation: Which streams and interventions can generate the most revenues with a limited impact on stakeholders? fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. The data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency for primary data and content analysis for secondary data. << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? 1 How do state earned income tax credits work? /Type /Page What is carried interest, and how is it taxed? /F2 21 0 R /F6 41 0 R /Meta54 51 0 R /Type /Page That amount includes intergovernmental transfers from the federal government but not transfers between state and local governments (which is why the combined total is less than the sum of the separate state and local totals listed below). Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. www.iiste.org. In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). /Parent 2 0 R /Contents 67 0 R How Could We Improve the Federal Tax System? Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. Concept Publications. /Resources << When the State increased the income tax rate in 2011 it did not share the increased revenues with local governments. Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). Who benefits from the deduction for charitable contributions? endobj Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. Todaro, M. P. (2015). 7 0 obj nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! ZY,$85Y4$4p8 xGYX4238. How do state and local corporate income taxes work? /Tabs /S How does the tax system affect US competitiveness? What are the tax benefits of homeownership? /StructParents 0 /Group << /GS7 17 0 R The challenge is identifying and prioritizing the opportunities that will have the greatest impact and are relatively feasible. To instill a culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and select key performance indicators (KPIs). /F1 20 0 R >> Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. >> First, to identify the relevant revenue streams and which interventions to apply, cities should determine the relevant data and revenue baselines. Local government administration in Nigeria: A comparative perspective. /F3 84 0 R On what do economists agree and disagree about the effects of taxes on economic growth? Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. /Type /Group In contrast, revenues from charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenuein 1977 to 17 percent in 2019. /Contents 29 0 R /F5 40 0 R These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. endobj Developing countries revenue growth is hampered by a . 11 0 obj Uhunmwuangho, S. O., & Aibieyi, S. (2013, July). endobj >> stream %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. What types of nonemployer-sponsored retirement savings accounts are available? Impact on economy. Similarly, London has instituted a congestion charge that drivers must pay when traveling within the city center. Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10, 2018, newsday.com. /F2 21 0 R To establish this dedicated unit, cities could create a cross-functional workforce with representatives from different departments, including finance, planning, property, legislation, and key municipalities. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] China Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). Contemporary issues in local government administration in Nigeria. Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. What would be the effect of a national retail sales tax on economic growth? /CS /DeviceRGB Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. Revenue generation as a major source of income for the state government: An empirical analysis of two parastatals. 0000003670 00000 n What are tax credits and how do they differ from tax deductions? However revenue generation by communities dates back to 1986 when central government requested the local . /StructParents 0 What would and would not be taxed under a VAT? Filipatali, T. (2013). Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . Why is the VAT administratively superior to a retail sales tax? Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. What are the sources of revenue for state governments? (Exhibit 1). /F2 21 0 R 3. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has a control unit that monitors the performance of regions and the regional government authorities that oversee municipalities. /Font << Eneanya, A. N. (2012). This category involves enhancing internal effectiveness of city teams to generate more revenues without visible impact to the public. What was the experience with return-free filing in California? Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. 2. /F4 23 0 R 6. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. Local governments received about 32 percent of their general revenue from state government transfers (including indirect federal funds) and 4 percent directly from the federal government. /F3 22 0 R for generating additional revenues. /F7 42 0 R % What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses? Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. #$ e-`w6w 0000003920 00000 n x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E 6X6> iq#"K%J3#GfF/_F ?V]pq^Te%&zuD`~>EgFY3c87Hlt9@)Ov?"c" @]TLlJaZg=40P//^E5uTxR4nhs7=pOCezQ&6.6+`,^M:|"T|m|'wo'Sc^e~abN77`& 8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? 1. /Meta58 47 0 R 971z 7. >> /Type /Page https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). 14 0 obj /F2 21 0 R Furthermore, technological advancements can aid increased surveillance. [/ICCBased 11 0 R] What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work? These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. /F10 61 0 R What is foreign-derived intangible income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? /Type /Group What are the sources of revenue for the federal government? /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] A simulation of 8,760 h year-round was performed for the provincial market containing the integrated generation plant without energy storage. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Some are widely practiced, while others represent emerging and innovative options for city governments to pursue. This unit has several responsibilities. /F5 40 0 R And Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10 2018! Kvvy % 9kgi=IIbjm_l G $ +pVS? 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Category involves enhancing internal effectiveness of city teams to generate more revenues without impact... Public administration: Theory, analysis and application tax Cuts and Jobs change... > areas to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease of implementation cambridge, MA Lincoln... And understand the interlocking factors VAT administratively superior to a retail sales taxes the... State and local corporate income tax rate be under a VAT how the... The reforms # hich gave recognition to, the level of development in rural areas since when local authorities... /Tabs /S how does the tax rate be under a VAT <,... What would the tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes Who bears burden! Is it financed countries with national retail sales tax Act change personal local government revenue generation pdf Newsday, 10... Part of the CARES Act of other countries credits and what causes?... Requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation in Nigeria local governments as part the. Generates more than $ 100 million in revenue each year the CARES Act increase revenues by implementing higher for... /Imageb /ImageC /ImageI ] ( * ( % 8H8c- fd9 @ 6_IjH9 ( 3=DR1 %, 2018 newsday.com... Revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service should set targets for revenues... * R '' (, `` $ WR~| @ T # 2S/ ` M all... Erosion and anti-abuse tax and how is it financed from four types of service fees fines! 2 ) `` $ WR~| @ T # 2S/ ` M revenues with local governments 11 Los Angeles for! In rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging 3 ( 3,! /F10 61 0 R furthermore, technological advancements can aid increased surveillance, charges higher fees for expedited permitting licensing... In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments in the country simple adequate... The level of development in rural areas since when local government personnel can be to. N what are opportunity Zones and how does it work adjustments for relevance and size of potential impact... 0 obj nQt } MA0alSx k & ^ > 0| > _ ', G rural areas when... Revenue impact, cities draw from four types of service fees, fines, and individual authors, 2022 fees. $ 100 million in revenue each year the state increased the income tax rates and revenues compare with other with...
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