An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. The Indiana War Memorial in Indianapolis has a meeting room named for Spruance as well as displays honoring his career and that of the USS Indianapolis. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Admiral Nagumo. Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. Michio Kobayashi Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. Spruance also held several engineering . "Foreward for Midway." US Naval Institute Proceedings 81, no. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Retribution was not long in coming. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. That is how the US navy could inflict great damage to the Japanese fleet and aircraft. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. The score was 402 Japanese planes and six ships, with a loss of 122 planes from Mitschers flattops. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. He was then 55. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! Navy Secretary Frank Knox said of Kwajalein: The Japanese had been there 20 years. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. It was bombed by dive bombers from the Enterprise and as scuttled shortly after Nagumo was forced by his staff to evacuate. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Then U.S. dive bombers from Spruance's Enterprise flew to Nagumo's fleet of four carriers which, fatefully, were without air cover. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. Weeks later . Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. Admiral Spruances last campaigns were the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and he was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service at Midway. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Akagi was lashed by bombs, which exploded torpedoes that were being loaded onto her planes, and the crew abandoned ship. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. Japanese escort carrier that was mainly responsible for launching scouts attached to Combined Fleet main body. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halsey's staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. But their elation was short-lived, for too many Japanese fighters had descended to deal with the torpedo bombers, leaving a window of opportunity for any American dive bombers that arrived. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. All three were eventually scuttled. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. Spruance launched an assault on February 16-17 against Truk, the Japanese Pearl Harbor, at the same time that Admiral Turners forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the west. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. Then, reflect on the education opportunities that God has provided us today. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. The airstrips in the Gilberts were put to good use two months later when they were used in the invasion of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). Terms of Use| On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. He was drafted on short notice for his date with destiny. . Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. serious damage on the islands installations. Spruance's rise to fame . (. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. 7 reviews. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. For the main Midway assault, the Japanese force consisted of the main battle fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, composed of three battleships, a light carrier and a destroyer screen; Admiral Chuichi Nagumos combined fleet of two battleships, two heavy cruisers, destroyers and four fleet carriers carrying more than 250 aircraft; and an invasion task force led by Admiral Nobutake Kondo, consisting of a dozen transport ships carrying 5,000 troops, closely supported by four heavy cruisers, two battleships and a light carrier; and a three-cordon submarine force intended to neutralize U.S. countermoves. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. Early in his career he was He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. Spruance, Raymond A. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]. The two admirals were a contrast in styles. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Following the war, Spruance served as US Ambassador to the Philippines from 1952 to 1955. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. John C. Waldron. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. After Rome fell, the bishop of Constantinople became the most pow He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. Spruance was a dedicated sailorthorough in his absorption of all aspects of training and techniques. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). C. American Dream Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. Hickman, Kennedy. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Naval Academy at Annapolis. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. The USS Enterprise ambushes and sinks the Hiryu. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. He was then ordered to the China station, with sea duty aboard the battleship Connecticut and the cruiser Cincinnati. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. Yamamoto himself was based on the battleship Yamato, which is the largest warship built to date. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. So he changed course northeastward, avoiding the first wave of dive bombers launched against him from Spruances carriers. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. ThoughtCo. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. It was his job to protect the landing force.[8]. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. The Japanese intercepted this and soon started sending messages that "AF was short on water. Two minutes later, 37 dive bombers from Enterprise, led by Lt. Cmdr. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. He was modest and candid about himself. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. (2021, July 31). catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. Hickman, Kennedy. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. 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