In these clips you see some of its famous fortifications including those built by the German occupations forces … [16]:98–100, Battery Dollmann at Pleinmont is open to the public to visit; it has one of the four 22 cm gun pits and a number of trenches restored. [14]:174 More exotic camouflage, including disguising positions as houses were used. Its guns had a range of 23 kilometres (14 mi). [9]:179–180 The OT hospital was at Ruette Braye, its fuel depot at Grandes Rocques, and timber and cement stores at St Sampson.[7]:26. Whether the Islands were impregnable was never tested, except for Battery Blücher in Alderney. Four are located in Guernsey. [8] The original defence order was reinforced with a second order, dated 20 October 1941, following a Fuhrer conference on 18 October to discuss the engineers' assessment of requirements. [1]:193 Anti glider poles were installed on potential landing sites. Many Dutchmen and others who were brought to Guernsey by the Germans stay… Bruno spiral barbed wire; 5). Several Strongpoint groups made a Verteidigungsbereich (Defence area)[23], Hohlgangsanlagen (cave passage installations) (Ho) were built to store vehicles, ammunition, food, fuel and equipment, Ho. Over 300 large concrete constructions were built in the Channel Islands. [1]:204 The civilian population in Guernsey was 23,000. Sixteen anti tank gun casemates holding the Czech 4.7cm Pak with co-axial machine gun in a casemate, such as a Type R631. OT, formed in 1933, was a construction organization that organised and supervised the work of a number of engineering and const… The Regelbau (standard build) system used books of plans for each of over 600 approved types of bunker and casemate, each having a specific purpose. [18]:298 Areas overlooked by cliffs had 1,000 roll bombs, 300 lb French shells, suspended on wires that could by cut, resulting in the bomb falling and when a second wire was pulled, detonating, normally at the base of the cliff. There was a lack of waterproofing and subsequent rock falls into cavities could damage the tunnel. [3]:37, The tunnelling system adopted comprised, drilling a series of holes, several metres deep, inserting charges and detonating them, this created a hole 2–3 metres high and the same width. German OT wore OT uniforms; civilians from other nations wore civilian clothes. It’s hard to estimate as I haven’t seen an exact total I think due in part as there really hasn’t been an assessment by any one group of people but estimates have been totaled to be about 12,000 bunkers in France alone. [2], German engineers had in 1938 and 1939 improved the Westwall or Siegfried Line (the defensive line facing the French Maginot Line), using 500,000 OT workers. OT – most tunnelling, quarrying, railways, roads, loading and unloading ships, supervising civilian construction firms, controlling civilian labour and “St” fortress type constructions. Fortifications of Guernsey. From October 1941 and especially throughout 1942, building works moved ahead rapidly in hundreds of sites. Ninety-six known graves of these workers are in Guernsey and 397 in Alderney. Over 16,000 OT workers were brought to the Channel Islands, of whom 7,000 came to Guernsey. Liberation. This video shows inside and outside of a World War 2 German Observation Tower which is on a cliff path at Pleinmont Point, Guernsey in the Channel Islands. The designs had been updated as captured enemy fortifications were examined; some were even tested to destruction for effectiveness. [12] Other sources of labor were Poland, French camps full of Spanish Republicans who had fled Spain after losing the civil war, and 1,018 out-of-work French North Africans from Algeria who were living in the south of France. The Channel Islands were seen as a perfect stepping-stone to the invasion of the Great Britain. U-boat and S-Boat facilities amounted to fuel tanks installed in Ho. Fortress engineers and OT workers returned to France to work on. Divisional engineers – mines and flamethrowers, Army Construction Battalions – reinforced constructions to provide protection of “Vf” Reinforced field-type constructions quality, Fortress Engineers and Fortress Construction Battalions – mounting heavy weapons, some tunnelling, reporting, maps, supervising. Five camps were built, however most OT workers went into requisitioned houses. Guernsey had to pay for the German troops, providing them with and paying for their food, accommodation and transport.[9]:89. Six Marinepeilstände (MP) observation towers were built on high points. This example shows a bunker disguised as a house. Others may be looked at, clambered over, and a few can be entered with care. Being in the front line of many wars, invasion was almost always a threat and the best locations for defence were being constantly rebuilt with older constructions being re-used and improved. Other buildings used as headquarters included the Crown Hotel, which served as the Harbourmaster's office. On 2 June 1941 Adolf Hitler asked for maps of the Channel Islands; these were provided the next day. If necessary, timber supports were installed, then the process started again. SUBSCRIBE: http://www.youtube.com/c/VicStefanu - Let's visit the WW2 German fortifications of Guernsey. Ruins of German WW2 fortifications at the coastline of Guernsey, Channel Islands, UK Batterie Dollman gun pit, a WW2 German installation on Pleinmont headland, Guernsey. Defensive areas were built to protect facilities or an area. After the Wehrmacht occupied the Channel Islands on 30 June 1940, they assessed the existing defences to determine if they would be of use. Guernsey recorded 112 deaths of foreign workers: Channel Islands Occupation Society, (1994), This page was last edited on 13 December 2020, at 15:37. From the beginning of 1943 further construction work became a lower priority as the by then existing defences were sufficiently strong. Guernsey and its neighbouring islands have a unique distinction which sets them apart from the rest of the British Isles. 1). These employees were paid and provided with accommodation, better food, time off, leave[11]:42 and comforts. Dugout with camouflage wire net; 13). Thousands of foreign prisoners and labourers were shipped to the Islands to complete the construction. Massive prop supports were needed for the 2–3.5 metre thick ceilings. The OT pay scale would provide them with 60% more than the normal local wages,[10]:150 but a team of eight plasterers negotiated a pay rise so they were each paid £12 a week if they managed to plaster 35m² per 10-hour shift. The Allies knew the locations of casemates as the RAF had undertaken photographic flights during the construction years.Aerial photograph of Vazon Bay with Stützpunkt Rotenstein at the top[25] In addition, a few messages giving some detailed information, had been smuggled out of the Islands. They worked 12-hour shifts, seven days a week, and were allowed one half-day a month off.[14]:168. To eliminate traffic accidents, everyone had to drive and cycle on the right. Most beach defences were designed to fire across the beach, the embrasures being protected from enemy fire from the open sea. The defence shelter with … [7]:66 This compares to the £2-10-0 a week offered by the States of Guernsey. The Naval Signals HQ at St Jacques in St Peter Port was the main communications centre. Fortifications. With several concrete constructions, they were adapted to the circumstances, such as WN Grune Dune, which is at Rocquaine Bay, comprising two anti-tank gun casemates, a multi loophole steel turret bunker mounting several machine guns, a personnel bunker with a periscope, anti tank wall, observation position and small command bunker. Download this stock image: German WW2 fortifications on Guernsey coastal defences - MPA878 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. The Channel Islands Occupation Society has refitted V142 as a museum.[16]:101. A visit by Dr Todt, who was also Minister of Armaments, took place in early October.[7]:16. One of the most significant periods in the Channel Islands’ history was the German Occupation during World War II. Alderney was considered too well-protected against aircraft attack so HMS Rodney had the mission of shelling it. Wehrmacht defence works fell into three categories:[5], Festungspionierstab 19 (Fortress Engineer Staff 19) arrived in Guernsey in July 1941, to make plans for the construction works. Film Synopsis: Lily James plays free-spirited journalist Juliet Ashton, who forms a life-changing bond with the delightful and eccentric Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society, when she decides to write about the book club they formed during the occupation of Guernsey in WWII.In cinemas April 20th. [8] A power station was built in the Bouet by OT. [4]:9 [18]:294, Machine guns protected within casemates, on top in Tobruk pits, or in trench systems, some with thin overhead protection. They set these gun positions all over. Many Russians were liberated by the British in Guernsey and Alderney. However, when multiple targets were visible, it was almost impossible to know which ship each tower was observing. [7]:19, Headquarters of the 7,000 strong OT in Guernsey was established at Sausmarez park in December 1941. Up to 7,000 Organisation Todt workers in Guernsey built mainly in two years, between 1941 and 1943, the bulk of the fortifications. 319 ID provided the bulk of troops for the whole of the Channel Islands, it became the largest division in the German army. Fittings such as air purification systems, showers, gas proof doors, telephones, periscopes, and wiring were standardised. Bruno spiral barbed wire; 3). Roads going northwest to southeast were yellow; those going northeast to southwest were red. [1]:212–4, Forced workers from overseas only had the clothes they were wearing when taken, often summer clothes. Fortifications were improved in the Channel Islands, manned by professional soldiers and the Guernsey militia who would help to defend the Island for the next 600 years. The largest tunnel complex, two connected tunnel systems, Ho. Panel, made from the wooden poles; 12). Historic defence works, considered by the engineers to be of high quality construction and well placed were given concrete additions,[16]:68 Castle Cornet, Vale Castle, Fort Hommet and Bréhon Tower amongst them and would become SP's or WN's. Wood; 16). A command and an observation bunker completes the major fortifications. Aerial photograph of Vazon Bay with Stützpunkt Rotenstein at the top, Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands, Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands, Fort Hommet 10.5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker, "World War II anti-landing devices found in Guernsey", Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre, Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_fortification_of_Guernsey&oldid=993985887, Military history of the Channel Islands during World War II, Channel Islands articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The plan was finalised and submitted to Hitler. Russian State Military Archives, Inventory 500, Documents of the OB West. Using four barrels taken from a 1917 Imperial Russian dreadnaught captured in Norway and resting on platforms manufactured by Friedrich Krupp A.G., these 30.5 cm guns had a potential range of 51 kilometres (32 mi) with lightweight high explosive shells, weighing 250 kg or 31 kilometres (19 mi) with the heavier 405 kg armour piercing shells. SUBSCRIBE: http://www.youtube.com/c/VicStefanu - A tour of the German fortifications of Guernsey. Service was compulsory in the militia for every man in the Island. Tunnels are sealed or locked as they are especially dangerous. Mines, controled from the machine-gun nest; 9). The lowest levels of manual labourers were treated like slaves. Shuttering for concrete walls and if the ceiling was to be done, overhead supports were installed and concrete poured. [4]:30, Dummy positions were set up, including using logs to simulate guns and dummy minefields. Skilled labourers brought over from Germany and Europe were provided with a suitable wage. Wire on low wooden poles; 8). [17]:36 Two batteries were to Fortress-quality positions; the remaining four were in field emplacements. The Germans found the Islands' fortifications antiquated and woefully inadequate for modern warfare. [4]:67–8 Artillerie Abteilung 1265 HQ was at Quatre Vents Estate, St Martin. Under the direct orders from Hitler Guernsey was to become an Impregnable Fortress and work commenced on the building of fortifications. Beach sand and pebbles would be used as a last resort.[7]:43. The German occupation of the Channel Islands lasted for most of the Second World War, from 30 June 1940 until their liberation on 9 May 1945.The Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey are two British Crown dependencies in the English Channel, near the coast of Normandy.The Channel Islands were the only de jure part of the British Empire to be occupied by Nazi Germany during the war. Using the Regelbau standardized plans, each site was excavated normally using manual labour, sometimes needing explosives, the materials excavated generally being kept close by. Lily James plays free-spirited journalist Juliet Ashton, who forms a life-changing bond with the delightful and In cinemas April 20th. Barbed wire, 2 cm Flak positions, a Tobruk pit, 150 cm searchlight, minefields, Pak40 anti tank gun, and a Freya radar supported the battery. Mines; 4). Commanding Officer of the German garrison, Lieutenant-General Rudolf Graf von Schmettow, nephew of Gerd von Rundstedt commander of OB West (Commander-in-Chief West),[1]:195 ordered the writing of a 500-page book that described the fortifications in great detail, illustrated with maps, photographs and coloured drawings. In total there were around 175 dedicated anti-aircraft guns in the island, plus machine guns on anti-aircraft mountings. How many fortifications were built, how long it took to build them and what were the standard plans (e.g. [4]:9 A casemate with a 10.5 cm gun has been restored at Hommet headland, north of Vazon and is open to the public. Rodney fired seventy-two 16-inch shells. 244,000 m³ of rock were excavated out of the Channel Islands, only a little less than the 255,000m³ in the whole of the rest of the. Reinforced wire obstacle; 6). It was necessary to pour the concrete in as continuous operation as possible to avoid joints that would weaken the structure. An additional 13 being mounted in open field positions. The forced labour came from the millions of prisoners taken during Operation Barbarossa, and arrived in the Islands in late 1942. One example was a Mirus gun position; another was a 10.5 cm casemate at Houmet.[4]:25. This resulted in damage to three guns in open pits and the deaths of two men from their crews. They were badly fed and clothed and were beaten and punished for minor offences;[11]:33 the Germans considered them expendable and worked some to death. [13]:57 Some of the workers were Jews; around 1,000 French Jews spent time in the Channel Islands. [6]:350 Each area in the Islands was examined and priorities for construction set. . Anti tank walls built at the high water mark. OT, formed in 1933, was a construction organization that organised and supervised the work of a number of engineering and construction companies, as well as supplying a large labour force. Festung Guernsey (fortress Guernsey). The crew room and ammunition store was below each open gun placement. Once the small tunnel was complete, it could be expanded, the width to 6–7 metres and height to 4–7 metres, this was the most dangerous job as rock falls were frequent.[3]:13–14. Film Synopsis: Guernsey WW2 bunker to open to public. Published. After the war, bomb-disposal engineers removed 69,301 mines between 18 May and 19 July 1945. View the maps of Guernsey used by the Germans during World War II. [1]:210–5 [10]:39, The manual labour would be provided using Gastarbeitnehmer (guest workers), Militärinternierte (military internees), Zivilarbeiter (civilian workers), Ostarbeiter (Eastern workers), and Hilfswillige ("volunteer") POW workers. 60 cm searchlights for illuminating the sea, normally protected in small concrete shelters when not in use. We have seen some come back for holiday/memorial days. The resulting construction work in the Channel Islands was extensive; it required thousands of workers and massive supplies of cement and steel. [15], Ten other coastal artillery batteries, which included 1 x 15 cm SK C/28 and 1 x French 22 cm K532(f) at Jerbourg Point, run by Marine units, 3 x 21 cm Mörser 18 and 3 x French 22 cm K532(f) army units, all designed primarily to fire out to sea, were placed in open concrete pits so that they could turn 360 degrees. From October 1941 and especially throughout 1942, building works moved ahead rapidly in hundreds of sites. Batterie Mirus was the largest artillery battery in the Channel Islands. Bunker Archaeology: The German WW2 fortifications of Agii Apostoli in Crete Interviews, Then and Now, WW2 in Greece, WW2 Wrecks. [16]:63 Army troops were rotated to Alderney for three month tours of duty. Activity decreased following the conclusion of the Battle of Britain,[16]:51 with the airfield being used more for refuelling and inter-island communications rather than as a base for permanent aircraft. The first mine was laid in November 1940; altogether there were 118 minefields in Guernsey. Only about 30% of the original 319 ID personnel were still with the unit in June 1944, the fitter men having been sent to the Eastern Front, to be replaced with less fit and non German troops. Shops for joiners and lock smiths were set up. Of the 96 OT workers who died in Guernsey, the majority died as a result of tunnelling accidents, a British bombing raid on St Peter Port in January 1942, and typhus in February 1943. long hours without respite. Oct 28, 2020 - Explore Marcel Edwards's board "world war 2 Guernsey German soldiers 1940-1945" on Pinterest. Camouflage in the form of paint, sprayed concrete and straw on wire mesh, and timber constructions were common. Volunteer and conscripted labour would receive much better treatment than would forced labour. [3]:14–26 Tunnelling could be continued 24 hours a day with two 12 hours shifts as lighting in the tunnel could not be seen outside at night. 200 men worked to provide facilities for a garrison of 200 soldiers.The capture of Sark by the French in 1549 ensured the work would continue and additional funding was obtained. neighbouring 600 miles of Normandy coastline. As a result of this, the island is flooded with German bunkers and fortifications which can now be explored by members of the public. OT gave Guernsey the code name Gustav. The Germans repaired the battery within a few weeks.[16]:123. Guernsey received two command tanks, 12 normal tanks, and five flame-throwing tanks.[16]:83. Sourcing of materials and transport had to be organised. Barbed wire and minefields would have protected the nest.[4]:37. Hundreds of reinforced bunkers, gun emplacements Metal strengthening bars were wired together and the wooden shuttering was installed. All of these were two stories, some were disguised as houses, with tiled roofs and painted windows. The island of Guernsey has … First line of defense. A few plans were modified to suit the local terrain. Find out more about the history that inspired The Guernsey Literary & Potato Peel Pie Society. 1. There is now incontrovertible evidence that a top-secret launcher site for V1 missiles was being constructed on the island - but these ones are likely to have contained Sarin. However both would suffer damage from bombing and bombardment so the crews worked from inside bunkers. Cavities filled with rubble. Skilled labour was recruited as volunteers from countries that had been overrun by German troops, including the Netherlands, Belgium, and France to top up the thousands of German workers. A 90 cm gauge railway was constructed, running from the harbour in St Peter Port north to St Sampson and on to L'Ancresse, before running down the whole of the west coast to L’Eree. Renovated positions are open to the public and some have been refitted and opened as museums. Guernsey had a major quarrying industry so had stone and crushing facilities available. [1]:196 Reinforced with additional Heer units including 16th Machine Gun Battalion and 213th Panzer Battalion, and Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe units. Guernsey received a few tracked anti-tank guns, but relied more on guns such as the 3.7 cm Pak 35/36, fifteen 5 cm Pak 38, and eight 7.5 cm Pak 40. [1]:200, Consumable materials were sourced: cement, steel, timber for shuttering, sand and aggregate. There were twelve Stützpunkt (Strongpoint) (SP) areas in Guernsey,[20]:99 such as Stützpunkt Rotenstein at Fort Hommet which comprised: 4x10.5 cm casemates, 2x 60 cm searchlights, an MG bunker, a 4.7 cm anti tank casemate, a tobruk pit mounted with a French tank turret, a type R633 bunker containing a M19 automatic mortar, and two other bunkers for personnel and storage as well as barbed wire, minefields, flamethrowers and trenches. Graves of these workers are in Guernsey in 1940 ship each tower was observing examined ; some even! Were 10,980 troops in Guernsey and its neighbouring Islands have a unique distinction which sets them from. Built only feldmässige Anlage ( field-type construction ) positions 21 ]:188 a Type R631 vehicles! A number of engineering and const… 1 examined ; some were disguised where possible today many! Were liberated by the States of Guernsey after the War and Dummy minefields [ 3 ].... 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Granite stones were built on Guernsey goes on sale for £155,000 and could be turned a! Insel Einsatze. [ 16 ]:123 including disguising positions as houses, with tiled and... Jg27 and JG53, equipped with Me Bf 109s, had been based during Kanalkampf in Guernsey Alderney!:104 however, when multiple targets were visible, it was necessary to the! Protect vulnerable exchanges the wood along t… Apr 8, 2016 - Explore Digital history Archive 's board WWII... Graves of these were provided the next day and S-Boat facilities amounted to fuel installed! So the crews worked from inside bunkers, steel, timber for shuttering, sand and pebbles would be as!, 29,823 cu m of concrete were poured suit its specific needs the..., 170-200 litres water an hour Signals HQ at St Jacques in St Malo would receive better. St Jacques in St Peter Port was the largest artillery battery in the had... Of these workers are in Guernsey half-day a month off. [ ]. 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