Public, private organizations work to help thousands of homeless veterans in NY. The social science research informs everything from national security to technology development to healthcare and economic management. In shedding light on the prevalence of military rape and sexual assault and on the many negative effects of these crimes, social science research has performed an important service. This episode of Social Science of War examines a range of issues related to Army talent managementfrom the ways in which service in the. New York Times. History shows that when these resources become too scarce within a society, that society is more likely to go to war to wrest these resources from another society (Gleditsch & Theisen, 2010). Partial justice: Women, prisons, and social control. ABSTRACT This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the Cold War. Compared to Europe, then, the United States has chosen guns over butter, leaving far less money for its social needs. The Times-Leader. Spend Time on Research You should always look for academically proved and reliable sources that you can cite in your essay. One of the most obvious problems is war, which, I would argue, has become obsolete. That is the good news and the cause for hope. and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Collection Social Science Space is curating resources and publications relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the global response to the aggression, the humanitarian crisis unfolding as a result, and what steps toward an end to the violence are available. When we think of the impact of war, the consequences for civilians and veterans as just discussed come most readily to mind. Shaping in Strategic Competition: How to Win Friends and Influence People with Military Power Kyle Atwell | 02.06.23 The primary mode of research involved survey questionnaires given anonymously to samples, many of them random, of military members. The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. Sexual assault in the US military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future. The cause for despair is twofold. Analysis of the FY2012 defense budget. As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. The article presents major trends and turning points in the growth of five social science disciplines in the country: anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status. Retrieved from http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories. Danner, M. (2006). Some verses follow. New York, NY: Penguin. New York, NY: Routledge. New York Times, p. A1. As a result, observes one economics writer, most Europeans have universal health care, deeply subsidized education (including free university tuition in many countries), modern infrastructure, good mass transit, and far less poverty than the United States has. Retrieved from http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf. His bodys here, but his mind is not here anymore. Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. Leisure studies examine issues related to leisure, including recreation, tourism, events, and sport. Worrell, M. P. (2011). Another issue would be the stress on the families who have a service member deployed in a war zone . When these costs are taken into account, the total 2011 military budget ranged between an estimated $1.2 trillion and $1.4 trillion (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). In this manner, a genetic tendency for physical aggression and warfare developed and thus still exists today. These actions did destroy the countryside, but they also destroyed humans. If this high rate had held true during the twentieth century, 2 billion people would have died in twentieth-century wars rather than the 100 million who did die (Pinker, 2012). New York, NY: New York Review of Books. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. This diversion of funds is unfortunate, but it might still be necessary if the high level of US military spending is needed to ensure the nations security. Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Choices under fire: Moral dimensions of World War II. Collier, E. C. (1993). A kid walked up to me and said, Your dads a baby killer. I didnt handle that well. This episode of the Social Science of War podcast examines the challenges posed by cyber . In making this very important decision, Europe has chosen butter over guns. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. "Surprisingly, the civilians within the conflict . Bangor Daily News. There are many social and ethical issues surrounding the use and abuse of drugs. : an American History (Eric Foner) Interpersonal Communication (Kory Floyd) Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Each F-35 costs about $300 million. After they did so, US ground troops shot them and left a pile of dead bodies that included twenty-one children. What happened to a leaner, meaner military. This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. Impact of Social Issues in Education. New York Times, p. A12. . When napalm ends up on human skin, it causes incredibly severe pain and burns down to the bone, with death often resulting. WAR AND RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 363 the basic data of the social sciences are the be-havior patterns of human beings, which exhibit that variety conditioned by the unique nervous organization known as the human . China ranked a distant second at $119 billion, followed by the United Kingdom at $60 billion and France at $49 billion (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010). As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm; http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm; Hacker, J. D. (2011, September 20). For example, the F-35 fighter aircraft has been plagued with management problems, huge cost-overruns, [and] substantial performance shortfalls, according to a recent news report (Kaplan, 2012). "We need people who understand the tremendous technical problems and controversies that we face, but also that technical problems are never just technical. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy. Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. As just one example of such waste, a 2011 federal audit found that cost overruns over the prior two years had added at least $70 billion to projected costs of various weapons systems (Drew, 2011). The geopolitical nuclear landscape . Wars occur both between nations and within nations, when two or more factions engage in armed conflict. Einhorn, C. (2011, September 28). Rafter, N. H. (1990). The enormity of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans wage war (Levy & Thompson, 2010). John Tirman, director of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worries that Americans have neglected the civilian victims of war. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. The Washington Post. When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. Dao, J. (2011, June 17). These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. Values may be influenced by multiple factors including social, religious, and personal views. Veterans in History and Society. She also refused to display the American flag, saying, When I looked at the American flag, I used to see red, white, and blue. Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. The following are common examples of a social issue. 100% (1 rating) A) Social science plays a very crucial role in defining the effects of wars on the family and the society. Harrison, T. (2012). It emerged from china and spread worldwide in a quick time span. Human and human social systems are matter. A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. There are also many innocent victims in wartime, but when children are victims, our hearts especially go out to them. What it means to be a democrat. Question. Solomon, N. (2006). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. More than 100 million soldiers and civilians are estimated to have died during the international and civil wars of the twentieth century (Leitenberg, 2006). Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. Where do our income tax dollars go. 1. In one example of what Tirman (2011, p. 153) calls a typical massacre, US soldiers arrived at a village that had just been bombed and ordered surviving residents to gather at the center of the town. Castelli, C. J. They say the United States could safely decrease its nuclear and conventional weapons arsenals without at all endangering national security. Researchers found that acceptance and support from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health conditions experienced by former child soldiers. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Some people think of war as a negative thing, and some people . Inevitably, Vietnamese civilians were in the path of the fireballs generated by the US and South Vietnamese militaries. That is because social science studying the same thing as natural science --- matter, of its structure and mode of motion. Very few studies include men in their surveys, but one study reported a 3 percent rate of sexual assault victimization for men while they were in the military. Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). Leitenberg, M. (2006). Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? Tirman notes that approximately 6 million civilians and soldiers died in the Korean, Vietnam/Indochina, Iraq, and Afghanistan wars. Outline both sides to the debate over the size of the US military budget. By any measure, then, the US military has played a fundamental role, for better or worse, in the nations foreign affairs historically and also today. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). As this brief discussion indicates, although the massacre of 347 Vietnamese at the hamlet of My Lai is undoubtedly the Vietnam massacre that is best known (and perhaps the only known) to the American public, massacres were far from rare and in fact were rather common. Fourth, military waste in the form of cost overruns from poor accounting and other management failures is rampant. The suicide rate of the general population is only 11.3 deaths per 100,000 population. Experts disagree over this issue. I see glimpses of him, but hes not who he was (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). Nations also go to war for ideological reasons: they have certain belief systems that lead them to hold prejudice and other hostile feelings toward nations with different belief systems. As the text discusses, most military women who are raped or sexually assaulted do not report these crimes to military authorities. A social studies essay might be assigned to any middle school, high school, or college student. Feinstein, A. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering. Only about one-seventh of these victims reported their rapes and sexual assaults. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within modern societies. Wrangham, R. W. (2004). Gerber, S. (2012, February 7). Sometimes, as with the US entrance into World War II after Pearl Harbor, these decisions are sincere and based on a perceived necessity to defend a nations people and resources, and sometimes these decisions are based on cynicism and deceit (Solomon, 2006). Trade-offs. Source: First F-35C Flight, Wikipedia, Last modified on November 20, 2011, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823. Where your income tax money really goes. They also say that the stationing of some 300,000 American troops on 865 military bases abroad at the time of this writing, including 81,000 troops in Europe and 220,000 in other nations, is hardly needed to ensure the nations defense. Although wars, other armed conflicts, terrorism, and genocide certainly continue, and 100 million is a terribly high number of deaths, the world overall is in fact more peaceful now than in the past. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. Tirman (2012, p. 107) writes, Surviving Koreans from the onslaught described in detail the chaotic panic they experienced; having believed the Americans were protecting them, they then saw the U.S. troops fire indiscriminately at men, women, and children at the scene. At the end of the three days, about four hundred civilians lay dead. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2010). (2012, January 2). Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. Tirman, J. The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. Choose one of the five social institutions. The Washington Post. Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex. The shadow world: Inside the global arms trade. This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. To quote the title of a recent report, military spending is a poor job creator (Hartung, 2012). Some relevant global social problems include income inequality (poverty), corruption, the rise in authoritarianism (erosion of democratic values), criminality, unsustainable development, and bullying in schools. First, war, terrorism, genocide, and other armed conflicts do continue. New York Times, p. A1. Using the example of Mozambique, Guatemala and others, this paper will discuss the way in which . Obamas damaging blow to our military. For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question Slate. Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for papers. Napalm bombs were used in World War II to set fire to cities, military bunkers, and other targets. In 2011, military spending (defense outlays by the Department of Defense and certain other agencies; outlays include costs for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars) according to the government was approximately $768 billion. However, the calculation for this statement excludes the additional military expenses just discussed, and it uses a misleading measure of federal spending. Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars listed the hundreds of thousands of troop deaths in American wars. The high unemployment rate of the Iraq and Afghanistan veterans has made this need even more urgent. (2012). Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. Solution Verified Create an account to view solutions Recommended textbook solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 713 solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 750 solutions Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. This essay analyzes the different spheres that influenced one of the people with eating behavior problems according to the social-ecological model of health. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. (2011). Many veterans are experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), marked by nightmares, panic attacks, and other symptoms (Dao, 2012). Russia ranked second with $5.3 billion in arms deliveries, while Germany ranked third with $2.6 billion (Grimmett, 2011). New York Times, p. B4. Another dimension of militarism involves arms exports by both the US government and US military contractors. Looking after the soldier, back home and damaged. Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. Social Issues in Sports & Activities: Athletics. (2011). A concerted effort needed to help homeless veterans. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html. Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. This same sum could be used to pay the salaries of 10,000 new teachers earning $30,000 per year or to build twenty elementary schools at a cost of $15 million each. vanden Heuvel, K. (2011, June 13). The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. towards a more balanced coverage of wider strategic issues, requiring a level of analytical and conceptual thinking. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html. Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. New York, NY: Penguin. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. According to a recent estimate, $1 billion spent by the Pentagon creates 11,200 jobs, but the same $1 billion spent in other sectors would create 16,800 clean energy jobs, 17,200 health-care jobs, and 26,700 education jobs (Pollin & Garrett-Peltier, 2011). The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). The defense industry remains a powerful force in the US economy six decades after Eisenhower issued his warning, and US military spending continues unabated. These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). But veterans are casualties in other ways, as the news story that began this chapter made clear. Kaplan, F. (2012, February 13). However it is calculated, the US military budget is by far the highest in the world and in fact accounts for 43 percent of the worlds military spending. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. The Note 16.13 Children and Our Future box discusses this problem in greater detail. Although calculations are complex, total military spending accounted for an estimated 43 percent to 48 percent of discretionary spending in 2011 (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). As Chapter 15 Population and the Environment discussed, population growth may lead to armed conflict of various types, including war, because growing populations need more food, water, and other resources. Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. Shusman, B. (2012, May 18). A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. 2023 World War II-style rationing could be an effective way to reduce carbon . Even if they are less frequent and less deadly than in the past, that is of little comfort to the tens of millions of people around the world during the past century who died or otherwise suffered in war and other armed conflict and who live in fear today of becoming a victim of armed conflict. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Nuclear war is no longer a two-player game, as it largely was during the cold war, with the U.S. and NATO facing off against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Begley, S. (2009, June 29). Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. This course systematically identifies a comprehensive picture of current social issues and concerns in a school as they impact socio-cultural development; student safety and violence prevention; person/social development; and academic achievement. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. If we say the history of the United States has been written in war, that is not too much of an exaggeration. Explores key concepts, issues, and trends in the interdisciplinary field of veterans studies. Many of the social problems in society are connected in subtle ways, but all social problems are connected to the leadership of countries, corporations, and other groups. Week 1 Question 7 Identify two social science issues related toeducation. Guns versus butter is a macroeconomics phrase that illustrates the dilemma that nations face in deciding their spending priorities. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies Program. (2011). New York, NY: Vintage Books. AlterNet. (2009). Bikeshedding Bikeshedding is the tendency for groups to focus on solving trivial problems while neglecting larger problems. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. Second, many societies studied by anthropologists have been very peaceful, suggesting that a tendency to warfare is more cultural than biological. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. US Census Bureau. In athletics, gender inequality and racial discrimination are the main social issues that affect females. This education, extending over a period of nearly three years, is one based upon the very first principles of society, discipline, both mental and physical, and a recognition at once both of the. War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. This report concluded that the more money we spend on unneeded weapons programs, the more layoffs there will be of police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other workers whose jobs are funded directly or indirectly by federal spending.. problems, problems not so apparent in the analo-gous sciences, problems arising from the fact that . Do we care when civilians die in war? A social issue is a problem that reduces the quality of life of people. Students gain a deep understanding of the ways that social scientists and historians have analyzed the identities, experiences, and worldviews of U.S. military veterans. A closer analysis of the opportunities that social science offers the military shows, however, that it provides a variety of research and educational capabilities, . Washington rules: Americas path to permanent war. Each of these warheads is an average of at least twenty times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that decimated Japan. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html. Pinker, S. (2012).