While the slow moving Madrid talks were taking place, a series of secret meetings between Israeli and Palestinian negotiators were taking place in Oslo, Norway, which resulted in the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords between Palestinians and Israel, a plan discussing the necessary elements and conditions for a future Palestinian state "on the basis of Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338". But we are convinced that the Israeli-Palestinian confederation we propose, inspired by the European Union model, will allow enhanced economic and security cooperation to develop and facilitate a range of initiatives that will bolster mutual understanding and reduce mutual rejection and hostility. [103][104], The four met in Paris on 11 March 2021, with United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process Tor Wennesland and the European Union Special Representative for the Middle East Peace Process, Susanna Terstal. 65-71. They also acknowledged the need to share a single business ecosystem, while cooperating intensively on water, security, bandwidth, banking, tourism and much more. By signing up, I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to occasionally receive special offers from Foreign Policy. By one estimate from Harvard University, more than 130,000 Ukrainian soldiers have been killed or severely wounded, in addition to the deaths of more than 7,000 Ukrainian civilians. Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush publicly supported the creation of a new Palestinian state out of most of the current Palestinian territories, based on the idea of self-determination for the Palestinian people,[15] and President Obama continued that policy. Is the Biden administrations China policy too hawkish? Relations between the United States and China seem to be getting frostier by the day. The Holy Land Confederation plan comes from Hiba Husseini, former legal adviser to Palestinian negotiators; Yossi Beilin, one of the Israeli architects of the Oslo process; and a team of other Palestinian and Israeli experts. The immense difference in this case, however, is that Algeria didnt border France, and no one in Algeria regarded France as rightfully part of their country. The phrase stuck, and ever since it has been synonymous with the gradual, step-by-step approach to resolving one of the world's most difficult conflicts. It would just describe what peace is. The key word in the title is confederation. Perhaps the most important proposal in the nearly 100-page document, and the most controversial, is that Israeli settlers in the West Bank be allowed to stay in the Palestinian state. In a recent interview, he affirmed his longstanding But it leaves out a point that was, perhaps, obvious to its authors. Israel was then required to dismantle settlements established after March 2001, freeze all settlement activity, remove its army from Palestinian areas occupied after 28 September 2000, end curfews and ease restrictions on movement of persons and goods. Subscribers can send in questions in advance. [22] Israel has said repeatedly that these restrictions are necessary due to security concerns, and in order to counteract ongoing efforts which promote terrorism which incite opposition to Israel's existence and rights as a country. Visionary leaders change their minds. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a wide-ranging conversation with U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai on the Biden administrations trade and economic policiesand the impacts they have on the world. The broad principles of a permanent solution are now agreed upon by many, and they were implicitly endorsed in 2016 in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2334, which called for a return to the pre-1967 border with equal land swaps and cessation of settlement activity and encouraged final-status negotiations. If those conditions are met, the two-state outcome can be politically attractive, and a confederation might be the best way for both states to flourish. ", "Obama: Differences with Netanyahu are not personality clashes. The Collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, also known as the Hebron Protocol or Hebron Agreement, began 7 January and was concluded from 15 to 17 January 1997 between Israel and the PLO. Weekly update on whats driving U.S. national security policy. [44][46] In the months following the summit, Clinton appointed former US Senator George J. Mitchell to lead a fact-finding committee that later published the Mitchell Report. The Times of Israel is committed to Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, and independent journalism provides an essential protection for democratic equality. This proposal offers a novel approach to both Israeli and Palestinian decision-makers, with incentives for reaching a pragmatic two-state solution. 2023 The Times of Israel , All Rights Reserved. [8] Israel's position is that Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas ought to be the negotiating partner in the peace talks, and not Hamas, which has at times engaged with Israel in escalations of the conflict and attacks Israel's civilian population. We cannot keep placing Band-Aids on a festering wound and hope that it will self-heal. The four also praised recent deals establishing ties between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. It was not actually a new idea, dating back as far as the 1920s, but it was given extra prominence by the growing demographic issues raised by a rapidly expanding Arab population in Israel and the territories. In June 2009, reacting to US President Barack Obama's Cairo Address,[38] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared for the first time[55] conditional support for a future Palestinian state[56] but insisted that the Palestinians would need to make reciprocal gestures and accept several principles: recognition of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people;demilitarization of a future Palestinian state, along with additional security guarantees, including defensible borders for Israel;[57] Palestinian would also have to accept that Jerusalem would remain the united capital of Israel, and renounce their claim to a right of return. It was within this context that the United Nations passed Security Council Resolution 2334 in December 2016 in another bid to address the settlement question. The lack of clarity about what happens after agreement is reached will result in insurmountable pressures on Abbas to demand immediate implementation. As of 2010, only a minority of Palestinians and Israelis support the one-state solution. Visionary leaders change their minds. Enter the Era of Chaos", "Netanyahu lowers expectations for Israeli-Palestinian peace", A presentation of the Lubavitcher Rebbe's views on the Jewish people's connection with the Holy Land, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and the so-called "Land for Peace" issue, The Israel Project: Timeline of Israeli-Arab Peace Initiatives since 1977, The History of the Peace Process in the Context of the 2013 John Kerry Peace Efforts, Beyond Intractability: A Free Knowledge Base on More Constructive Approaches to Destructive Conflict, UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194, UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IsraeliPalestinian_peace_process&oldid=1139918405, Articles with dead external links from June 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles to be expanded from September 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles slanted towards recent events from March 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Martin Indyk of the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. was appointed by the US to oversee the negotiations. The Holy Land Confederation proposal has a chapter on security arrangements. HAZEM BADER/AFP via Getty Images. As we read in radio1: Sergey Lavrov said that Russia is ready to organize negotiations between Baku and Yerevan Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that Russia can organize negotiations between Azerbaijan The Israeli settlers whose settlements will remain in the territory of the future Palestinian state will be offered the option to decide between moving to the state of Israel and receiving compensation and staying in the state of Palestine and respecting its laws and rules. Ariel Sharon, who had pledged never to give up a single settlement in the Gaza Strip, opted to evacuate all of them. In 1977, Menachem Begin vehemently opposed a complete withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula yet consented to withdraw from it in full a few years later. km. Yitzhak Rabin, who in 1991 had strongly opposed lifting the ban on negotiations with the PLO, shook Yasser Arafats hand in 1993. [16] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton thought that peace can only be achieved through direct, bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians. On 1 December 2003, the two parties signed an unofficial suggested plan for peace in Geneva (dubbed the Geneva Accord). An Israeli-Palestinian Confederation Is the Best Path to Peace. Whether youre a lifelong resident of D.C. or you just moved here, weve got you covered. Send me The Times of Israel Daily Edition. The monarchs had opted to dispense with nearly two decades of Pan-Arab consensus on Israel by normalizing ties before a meaningful conclusion to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was reached. FPs Ravi Agrawal spoke with two of the very best Russia experts:Angela Stent, a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and the author ofPutins World: Russia Against the West and With the Rest, and Michael Kofman, the research program director of the Russia studies program at the Center for Naval Analyses. Psychologically, whats essential in the confederation plan is open borders and free movement. First, like the 2003 Geneva Initiative, it provides Palestinian refugees with an array of choices (including a limited path to citizenship in Israel that is distinct from the framework for permanent residence set out above). The road map was released in April 2003 after the appointment of Mahmoud Abbas (AKA Abu Mazen) as the first-ever Palestinian Authority Prime Minister. [24] However, it is the case that the Palestinian resort to militancy has made such conceptual clarity difficult to achieve. In his bid to negotiate a peace accord and establish a Palestinian state, Olmert proposed a plan to the Palestinians. The swap would consist of 13% of Israeli territory, such that the final borders of the West Bank part of the Palestinian state would include 97% of the land of the original borders.[47]. Full text of the Treaty of Peace signed by Israel and the Palestinians use a total area of 5,854 square kilometers. [37] The Palestinians achieved self-governance of major cities in the West Bank and the entire Gaza Strip. 29, 2022 in Bethlehem in the occupied West Bank. [11] However, the violence of the second intifada and the political success of Hamas (a group dedicated to Israel's destruction)[12] have convinced many Israelis that peace and negotiation are not possible and a two state system is not the answer. The foreign ministers said they "discussed how to restart a fruitful engagement between the Israeli and the Palestinian side, and offer our support in facilitating a path to negotiations". Palestinian leaders boycotted and condemned the Bahrain conference in late June 2019 at which the economic plan was unveiled. Shared institutions to handle such issues make sense. The proposition removed the "temporarily Israeli controlled" areas from the West Bank and offered a few thousand more refugees than they offered at Camp David to settle into Israel and hoped that this would be considered "implementation" of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194. [28][29], There were parallel efforts for peace treaties between Israel and other "confrontation states": Egypt, Jordan and Syria after the Six-Day war, and Lebanon afterwards. Join the conversation on this and other recent Foreign Policy articles when you subscribe now. Is the United States becoming protectionist? [123] According to the Israeli view, this limits the ability of the Palestinians to make peace with Israel and enforce it over the long term. "[116], On 15 February 2021, the quartet envoys met virtually and agreed to meet on a regular basis to continue their engagement. The second is that even if the Holy Land Confederation doesnt last or security and economic arrangements change, some of its features are designed to live on: the border between the two states, the legal status of citizens of one state who are residents in the other, the division of Jerusalem into two capitals, and, of course, the solution to the Palestinian refugee issue. As things stand now this brings the process to another impasse. Their statement emphasized the importance of confidence-building measures to promote dialogue, support for the two-state solution and stated that settlement activities violate international law. [74] Israel halted peace talks with the Palestinians, saying it "will not negotiate with a Palestinian government backed by Hamas, a terrorist organization that calls for Israel's destruction", and threatened sanctions against the Palestinian Authority,[75][76] including a previously announced Israeli plan to unilaterally deduct Palestinian debts to Israeli companies from the tax revenue Israel collects for the PA.[77] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Abbas of sabotaging peace efforts. However, from the Israeli point of view, the Palestinians are not ready to create a stable state, such an implementation process will almost guarantee instability in the Palestinian areas with a possible Hamas takeover as happened in Gaza.[128]. To avoid it some definition of what happens after a shelf agreement is needed. A joint statement of the quartet confirmed its intention to work with the incoming administration of President-elect Joe Biden. [86][87] The plan called for nine months of direct talks followed by a three-year plan for Israel to withdraw to the 1967 lines, leaving East Jerusalem as Palestine's capital. A key starting point for understanding these views is an awareness of the differing objectives sought by advocates of the Palestinian cause. Regional cooperation didnt lead to peace at the 1991 Madrid Conferenceand it wont today. Israelis and Palestinians must make every effort to put an end to this conflict because we are all paying the price of its continuation. Jordan, like Egypt, is bound by a peace treaty with Israel. In March 2007, Japan proposed a plan for peace based on common economic development and effort, rather than on continuous wrangling over land. Jessica Chen Weiss, formerly a senior advisor for policy planning at the State Department under the Biden administration, makes the case that the United States is becoming consumed by competition with China, a strategy that could lead to dangerous conflict. Israeli concerns are based on abundant documentary and empirical evidence of many Palestinian leaders having in fact promoted and supported terrorist groups and activities. Israeli, Palestinian public figures propose two-state confederation plan. In May of that year, according to Nathan Thrall, Israel had offered Palestinians 66% of the West Bank, with 17% annexed to Israel, and a further 17% not annexed but under Israeli control, and no compensating swap of Israeli territory. What will another year of war look like? A curated selection of our very best long reads. March 28, 2022. ", "American Jews More Right than Left on the Peace Process", "The death of the Israel-Palestine two-state solution brings fresh hope,", "Report of the Secretary-General Under Security Council Resolution 331 (1973) of 20 April 1973", History of failed peace talks (BBC, 26 November 2007), "Response of FM Peres to the decisions of the Arab Summit in Beirut 28-Mar-2002", PA rejects Olmert's offer to withdraw from 93% of West Bank (Haaretz, 12 August 2008), Israel Agrees to Truce with Hamas on Gaza, Full text of Netanyahu's foreign policy speech at Bar Ilan, "Obama Opens Long-Shot Talks on Mideast Peace", "In Middle East Peace Talks, Clinton Faces a Crucial Test", "Palestinians Restate Demands to Netanyahu", "Abbas ready to engage with Israel but says settlement building 'destroying hope', "Netanyahu backs demilitarized Palestinian state", "PM promises Abbas a demilitarized Palestinian state", "Netanyahu to Abbas: Israeli unity cabinet is a new opportunity for Mideast peace", "Obama welcomes renewal of Israeli-Palestinian talks, but says 'hard choices' lie ahead", "Hamas rejects Kerry's announcement: Abbas has no authority to negotiate", "Peace talks set to begin after Israel agrees to free 104 Palestinian prisoners", US peace envoy to come to Israel next week, 'US denies dismantling peace negotiators team,', "Hamas and Fatah unveil Palestinian reconciliation deal", Sanctions and suspended talks Israel responds to Palestinian reconciliation, "PLO, Hamas unity constitute reuniting West Bank and Gaza: Ban Ki-moon", Israel begins implementing economic sanctions against Palestinians, Abbas Renews Threat to Dissolve Palestinian Authority if Peace Talks Fail, Abbas to Submit 'Surprising' Proposal to Kerry, Abbas Peace Plan Calls for Israeli Withdrawal Within 3 Years, Report: Abbas peace plan calls for Israeli withdrawal from West Bank, Abbas' peace plan: Israeli withdrawal from West Bank within three years, Abu Mazen's Three-Year Peace Plan for Israel, Abbas: If Security Council bid fails, we may end security cooperation with Israel, "Israel freezes Palestinian funds in response to ICC bid", "Palestinians to ban sale of products from 6 major Israeli companies", At UN, Abbas threatens to nix agreements with Israel if West Bank land annexed, "Participation of Jean-Yves Le Drian in the Munich Security Conference Declaration by the Spokesperson of the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (15-16 Feb.20)", "A New 'Quartet' for Israeli-Palestinian Peace", "Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of France, Germany, Egypt and Jordan (7 Jul. Critics may wonder how such a proposal can reinvigorate the peace process in the current political contextat a time when Israels prime minister declares on every stage that he strongly opposes a two-state solution and refuses to meet with the Palestinian president, the Gaza Strip is controlled by Hamas, and the Palestinian Authority lacks authority over the vast majority of the West Bank. Indeed, we believe that by facilitating access by both peoples to sites sacred to them, a confederal framework could make it easier for factions opposed to partition of the land to embrace a two-state solution. [108][109] The report was significantly altered to appease Israel and as well as urging Israel to stop its settlement policy, urged Palestine to end incitement to violence. Give this article while Egypt was the first Arab state to sign a peace treaty with Israel, in 1979. The economy of what will be two states is entangled. The proposal for a Holy Land Confederation is a 100-page document that was been crafted over the past two years by Yossi Beilin, one of the architects of the Oslo Accords in the early 1990s, together with Palestinian attorney and veteran peace negotiator Hiba Husseini. It was negotiated at Wye River, Maryland (at the Wye River Conference Center) and signed at the White House with President Bill Clinton as the official witness. The IsraeliPalestinian peace process refers to the intermittent discussions held by various parties and proposals put forward in an attempt to resolve the ongoing IsraeliPalestinian conflict. 49. Watch the conversation or read the condensed transcript. 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