monte cassino monastery

Many monks rose to become bishops and cardinals, and three popes were drawn from the abbey: Stephen IX (1057–58), Victor III (1086–87) and Gelasius II (1118–19). Recognizing the defensive value of the terrain, the Germans built the Gustav Line section of the Winter Line through the area. The number of monks rose to over two hundred, and the library, the manuscripts produced in the scriptorium and the school of manuscript illuminators became famous throughout the West. Other articles where Battle of Monte Cassino is discussed: Cassino: …German resistance in three savage battles. In 1349 a violent earthquake occurred and in February 1944 a bombardment almost flatted it. The focus increasingly shifted to a particularly conspicuous mountain that dominated the countryside for miles around: the commanding heights of Monte Cassino, which was crowned with a magnificent Benedictine monastery that possessed a fortress-like appearance. It was a series of four attacks by the Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by the Germans and Italians. The community of monks resided first at Teano and then from 914 at Capua before the monastery was rebuilt in 949. Monte Cassino became a model for future developments. [7] Benedict scholar Terrence Kardong examines why Benedict did not face stiffer opposition in his seizure of the site from the local pagans. bill t wrote a review Oct 2020. There has been a monastery here since 570, sacked and re-built on numerous occasions. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at nearby Subiaco (about 64 km to the east of Rome), where hospitals were settled, too, as adjuncts to the monasteries to provide charity. Soon many monasteries were founded throughout Europe, and everywhere there were hospitals like those in Monte Cassino. The Romans renamed the settlement Casinum and built a temple to Apollo at the citadel. The Volsci in the area were defeated by the Romans in 312 B.C. They silently go through the cloisters and then up the big ramp to the Basilica at Saint Benedict and Scholastica's grave. Monte Cassino (today usually spelled Montecassino) is a rocky hill about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Rome, in the Latin Valley, Italy, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the town of Cassino and 520 m (1,706.04 ft) altitude. [22], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}41°29′24″N 13°48′50″E / 41.49000°N 13.81389°E / 41.49000; 13.81389, For information about the World War II battle, see, diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo, Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City, Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo, The Cassino Band of Northumbria Army Cadet Force, "Vatican announces reorganisation of Montecassino Abbey", "Vatican reorganizes Montecassino, mother abbey of the Benedictines", Illustrated article on the Battle of Monte Cassino at Battlefields Europe, Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola, Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park, Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe, Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&oldid=995555732, Christian monasteries established in the 6th century, Buildings and structures in the Province of Frosinone, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul, This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 18:10. The monastery became known as a center of culture, art, and learning. Within the centuries the Abbey has met magnificence and destruction many times, and has always come out of its ruins stronger. The mountain shelters this citadel on a broad bench. He then reused the temple, dedicating it to Saint Martin, and built another chapel on the site of the altar dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. The area was further protected by the fast-flowing Rapido and Garigliano Rivers which ran west to east. Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's construction was confirmed by archaeological discoveries made after the destruction of 1944. The Abbey of Montecassino is one of the most known Abbeys in the world. A detailed account of the abbey at this date exists in the Chronica monasterii Cassinensis by Leo of Ostia and Amatus of Monte Cassino gives us our best source on the early Normans in the south. Once again, therefore, the battle commenced without the attackers being fully prepared. It was sacked or destroyed a number of times. The site was sacked by Napoleon's troops in 1799. The first monastery on Monte Cassino was sacked by the invading Lombards around 570 and abandoned. They can go through the history of the Abbey from the very beginning till today and grasp why Montecassino Abbey is known as the Lighthouse of Western Civilization. The bombing was conducted because many reports from the British commanders of the Indian troops on the ground suggested that Germans were occupying the monastery, and it was considered a key observation post by all those who were fighting in the field. Subsequent investigations found that the only people killed in the monastery by the bombing were 230 Italian civilians seeking refuge there. This school found its original base in the Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino still in the 9th century and later settled down in Salerno. De Vogue writes "this mountain had to be conquered from an idolatrous people and purified from its devilish horrors. Edsel goes on to note that these cases had been delivered to Göring in December 1943, for "his birthday". In Context. Architectural historian Kenneth John Conant believed that Desiderius' rebuilding included pointed arches, and served as a major influence in the nascent development of Gothic architecture. When you are visiting Monte Cassino, you can catch some wonderful panoramic views of the valley from the top of the abbey and see the Polish Cemetery. Actually, the Germans were able to remove both the monks and the treasures of the abbey; and, after the bombardment ceased, they in… The settlement was strengthened in the 9th century by the building… The second monastery was established by Petronax of Brescia around 718, at the suggestion of Pope Gregory II and with the support of the Lombard Duke Romuald II of Benevento. Pope Gregory also relays that the monks found a pagan idol of bronze when digging at the site (which when thrown into the kitchen gave the illusion of a fire until dispelled by Benedict). Modern excavations have found no remains of the temple, but ruins of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a mausoleum indicate the lasting presence the Romans had there. The Allies had landed troops on the west coast of Italy at Anzio in January with the intention of breaking the deadlock in the Italian campaign. Site of the Roman town of Casinum, it is best known for its abbey, the first house of the Benedictine Order, having been established by Benedict of Nursia himself around 529. Benedictine tradition holds that Scholastica established a hermitage about five miles from Monte Cassino and that this was the first convent of Benedictine nuns. After the reforms of the Second Vatican Council the monastery was one of the few remaining territorial abbeys within the Catholic Church. He contrasts this with the 25-year struggle faced by St. Martin of Tours in western Gaul by pagans angry at his attacks on their shrines: "By the time of Benedict, paganism was in a weaker condition in western Europe than it had been in Martin's time. Monte Cassino Monastery is located on the top of one of the hills (519 m above sea level) of the Central Apennine. According to chronicler Leo of Ostia the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Atop this hill, at 520m altitude is the most glorious and imposing abbey, home to the Benedictine Order, started here by Saint Benedict himself. Of the first monastery almost nothing is known. The buildings were destroyed by an earthquake in 1349, and in 1369 Pope Urban V demanded a contribution from all Benedictine monasteries to fund the rebuilding. In his earlier setting Benedict "had twice shown complete mastery over his aggressiveness, Benedict is now allowed to use it without restraint in the service of God. He built a chapel dedicated to St. Martin in the temple of Apollo and another to St. John where the altar of Apollo had stood. Later we learnt that the Polish flag was flying over the Monastery. The abbey itself however, was not initially utilised by the German troops as part of their fortifications, owing to General Kesselring's regard for the historical monument. "[8] Scholars note that this striking contrast is not stressed by Gregory but rather both settings are portrayed as part of a single battle account against the same demonic enemy. "[8] After the completion of the abbey, Satan's appearances in the story diminish back to the same level as Subiaco, "Only after the saint's death and by God's permission would other enemies, the Lombards, succeed in sacking it. The second oratory, on the mountain-top, where the pagan altar had stood in the open air, was of the same width but somewhat longer (15.25 meters)."[8]. We pulled out of Cassino on my 20th birthday, 26th of … Montecassino (also spelled Monte Cassino), a small town about 80 miles south of Rome, is the home of the sacred relics and monastery of St. Benedict (480-543), the patron saint of Europe and the founder of western monasticism. Montecassino Abbey, via Montecassino s.n.c. [17] Pope Paul VI consecrated the rebuilt Basilica on 24 October 1964. [5], Pope Gregory I's biography of Benedict claims that Satan opposed the monks repurposing the site. No doubt Gregory had this biblical model uppermost in his mind, as is clear from the terms he uses to describe the work of destruction. The first one which Benedict built in the temple itself was only twelve meters long and eight wide. The abbey is extremely beautiful in itself, with some parts of it dating back to the 6th century and the rest beautifully reconstructed after WW2, according to the medieval layout and architecture. [14] Following the bombing the ruins of the monastery were occupied by German Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) of the 1st Parachute Division, because the ruins provided excellent defensive cover. The Gustav Line stretched from the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic coast in the east, with Monte Cassino itself overlooking Highway 6 and blocking the path to Rome. Director: Harald Reinl | Stars: Joachim Fuchsberger, Antje Geerk, Ewald Balser, Elma Karlowa. St. Benedict (see Subiaco) established his first monastery here.The monastery was constructed on the site of the pagan temple of Apollo and St. Benedict's first act was to smash the sculpture of Apollo and destroy the altar. And he summoned the people of the district to the faith by his unceasing preaching. "The abbot in his wisdom decided that great number of young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts" – says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy. The Battle of Monte Cassino has been described as the hardest-fought battle of World War II. [15], The Abbey was rebuilt after the war. And, of course, it must be remembered that Martin as a bishop was a much more prominent churchman than Benedict. Monte Cassino was rebuilt and reached the apex of its fame in the 11th century under the abbot Desiderius (abbot 1058–1087), who later became Pope Victor III. So, Montecassino and Benedictines played a great role in the progress of medicine and science in the Middle Ages, and with his life and work St. Benedict himself exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture and helped Europe to emerge from the "dark night of history" that followed the fall of the Roman empire. In 1944 during World War II it was the site of the Battle of Monte Cassino and the building was destroyed by Allied bombing. In early 1944, German parachutists of the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division are sent to the centuries-old abbey on the rocky hill of Monte Cassino in Italy. It is the faithful rebuilding of the twenty thousand square meters that people can see travelling on their way along the A1 Highway. Then it rises three miles above it as if its peak tended toward heaven. [2][3], The history of Monte Cassino is linked to the nearby town of Cassino which was first settled in the fifth century B.C. During this period the monastery's chronicle was written by two of its own, Cardinal Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon (who also compiled the cartulary). Some others host people seeking for a moment of inner peace and serenity. Monte Cassino (Benedictine monastery) Sources. Martin, however, was thrust out of his monastery into the role of a missionary bishop in the fourth century. Among the great historians who worked at the monastery, in this period there is Erchempert, whose Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum is a fundamental chronicle of the ninth-century Mezzogiorno. [18] Until his resignation was accepted by Pope Francis on 12 June 2013, the Territorial Abbot of Monte Cassino was Pietro Vittorelli. Monks caring for the patients in Monte Cassino constantly needed new medical knowledge. The Commander-in-Chief of Allied Armies in Italy, General Sir Harold Alexander of the British army, ordered the bombing. The care of the sick was such an important duty that those caring for them were enjoined to act as if they served Christ directly. This abbey was founded in the fourth century by Saint Benedict is one of the largest in Italy. [20], In December 1943, some 1,400 irreplaceable manuscript codices, chiefly patristic and historical, in addition to a vast number of documents relating to the history of the abbey and the collections of the Keats-Shelley Memorial House in Rome, had been sent to the abbey archives for safekeeping. The Abbey of Monte Cassino which held the Gustav Line in the Geman defences against the allied advance in Italy in WW ii ID: JDW6CA (RM) July 3, 2020 - Montecassino Abbey, Cassino, Italy - Benedictine monastery located on the top of Montecassino is the oldest monastery in Italy. "[8], Once established at Monte Cassino, Benedict never left. It maintained good relations with the Eastern Church, even receiving patronage from Byzantine emperors. It encouraged fine art and craftsmanship by employing Byzantine and even Saracen artisans. In 529 Saint Benedict chose this mountain to build a monastery that would host him … It was St. Benedict of Nursia who established this very first Benedictine monastery around the year 529. "[9] In 581, during the abbacy of Bonitus, the Lombards sacked the abbey, and the surviving monks fled to Rome, where they remained for more than a century. The biography records that the area was still largely pagan at the time; Benedict's first act was to smash the sculpture of Apollo and destroy the altar. There was an ancient temple there in which Apollo used to be worshipped according to the old pagan rite by the foolish local farmers. The monastery at Monte Cassino shows only the outer walls remaining after the Allied bombing. Benedict's prayers are portrayed as the driving force behind the building of the abbey and the triumphs over Satan, through prayer: "Benedict the monk wrests from the devil a well-determined base which he never leaves. So they began to buy and collect medical and other books by Greek, Roman, Islamic, Egyptian, European, Jewish, and Oriental authors. It was the Volsci who first built a citadel on the summit of Monte Cassino. In 577 Langobards destroyed it, then Saracens in 887. Montecassino Abbey (Abbazia di Montecassino) Tours The Abbey of Montecassino is one of the most famous abbeys on earth, due in part to its rich history of destruction and recovery. Then the Crypt is there beneath to be revealed with the astonishing golden mosaics. A flourishing period of Monte Cassino followed its re-establishment in 718 by Abbot Petronax, when among the monks were Carloman, son of Charles Martel; Ratchis, predecessor of the great Lombard Duke and King Aistulf; and Paul the Deacon, the historian of the Lombards. by the Volsci people who held much of central and southern Italy. The Battle of Monte Cassino (also called the Battle for Rome and the Battle for Cassino) was a battle during the Italian Campaign of World War II. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte Cassino Museum). An earthquake damaged the Abbey in 1349, and although the site was rebuilt it marked the beginning of a long period of decline. A former head of the ancient abbey of Monte Cassino in Italy is under investigation for allegedly stealing €500,000 (£355,000) of church funds and … By the 13th century, the monastery's decline had set in. The German military forces had established the 161-kilometre (100-mile) Gustav Line, in order to prevent Allied troops from advancing northwards. Unlike the stories that may have influenced Pope Gregory's structure of the biography, Benedict's victories are practical, preventing Satan from stopping work on the abbey at Monte Cassino. Many physicians came there for medical and other knowledge. In 1321, Pope John XXII made the church of Monte Cassino a cathedral, and the carefully preserved independence of the monastery from episcopal interference was at an end. Abbot Hugh of Cluny visited Monte Cassino in 1083, and five years later he began to build the third church at Cluny Abbey, which then included pointed arches and became a major turning point in medieval architecture.[11]. A Sherman tank can be seen in the background. Maximilian Becker (a Protestant), both from the Panzer-Division Hermann Göring, had them transferred to the Vatican at the beginning of the battle. [13] However, during the bombing no Germans were present in the abbey. Every day thousands of pilgrims and visitors from all around the world come to this threshold. "The first to demolish it were Lombards on foot in 580; the last were Allied bombers in 1944. On 23 October 2014, Pope Francis applied the norms of the motu proprio Ecclesia Catholica of Paul VI (1976)[1] to the abbey, removing from its jurisdiction all 53 parishes and reducing its spiritual jurisdiction to the abbey itself – while retaining its status as a territorial abbey. Early years of the Abbey ; The Golden Age; Modern Era; The Battle of Montecassino ; The Revival of the Abbey ; Pope Benedict XVI visits the Abbey; Abbots of Montecassino; The Reconsecration of the Basilica; Live il blog dell'Abbazia di Montecassino; Heritage. Almost totally destroyed by bombing in World War II, it was rebuilt and consecrated by Pope Paul VI in 1964. That situation was reversed by Pope Urban V, a Benedictine, in 1367. All the knowledge of the civilizations of all the times and nations was accumulated in the Abbey of that time. However, make sure to visit the Abbey before lunchtime, as visits have fixed timings. Cassino is the second most populous city in the province of Frosinone and develops for 1 sq km at the foot of the hill on which stands the famous Montecassino Abbey, Italy's oldest Benedictine monastery together with the monastery of St. Scholastica. In 1057, Pope Victor II recognised the abbot of Monte Cassino as having precedence over all other abbots. Adalbert de Vogüé recounts that "Traces have been found of the oratories of St. Martin and of St. John the Baptist, with additions from the eighth and eleventh centuries, together with their pre-Christian cellars. Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's seizure of Monte Cassino: Now the citadel called Casinum is located on the side of a high mountain. The Abbey of Montecassino is one of the most known Abbeys in the world. Benedictine monks took care of the sick and wounded there according to Benedict's Rule. Monte Cassino is a monastery in Lazio, Italy, 130 km southeast of Rome.It is a rocky hill overlooking the town of Cassino. As well, Corps HQ did not fully appreciate the difficulty in getting 4th Indian Infantry Division into place in the mountains and supplying them on the ridges and valleys north of Cassino (using mules across 7 miles (11 km) of goat tracks over terrain in full view of the monastery, exposed to accurate arti… The abbey on Monte Cassino was originally founded by Saint Benedict in 529, making it one of Europe's oldest monasteries. Taking place between the 17th of January and the 18th of May 1944, Monte Cassino was a series of four Allied assaults against the so-called ‘Winter Line’, a series of German and Italian Social Republic fortifications and installations that aimed to protect the route to Rome from Allied invasion. Some of them study in the library surrounded by ancient books, or make researches in the archive on breathtaking manuscripts. During this time the body of St Benedict was transferred to Fleury, the modern Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire near Orleans, France. Brigadier John MacFarlane explores the history and impact of the World War II battles surrounding the Italian hill-top monastery of Monte Cassino. Discover Montecassino Abbey in Cassino, Italy: This breathtaking monastery was established by Saint Benedict himself 1,500 years ago. Monte Cassino (today usually spelled Montecassino) is a rocky hill about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Rome, in the Latin Valley, Italy, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the town of Cassino and 520 m (1,706.04 ft) altitude. +39 392 8866365, Live il blog dell'Abbazia di Montecassino, Donations, Offerings for Services and Legacies, The Tomb of Saint Benedict and Saint Scholastica. Two German paratroopers fighting among the ruins of the Monastery. 57th Field Regiment, RA ? Benedict's violence against a pagan holy place recalls both Martin's assault against pagan shrines generations before and the Biblical story of conquering Israel entering the Holy Land (see Exodus 34:12–14). During the Battle of Monte Cassino in the Italian Campaign of World War II (January–May 1944) the Abbey was heavily damaged. In 1799, Monte Cassino was sacked again by French troops during the French Revolutionary Wars. On February 15 the Allies bombed and demolished the Benedictine monastery, erroneously believing that the Germans had occupied and fortified it. Abbot Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. But it is in the museum where finally visitors can see the magnificent paintings, the wonderful manuscripts and ancient books. Ora et labora et lege: this is the motto of Saint Bendict's Rule that the monks still follow in their daily routine. The Rule of St. Benedict mandated the moral obligations to care for the sick. During reconstruction, the abbey library was housed at the Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City. Monastery Hill shrouded in smoke after an Allied air raid. Beautiful Monastery and WWII Site South of Rome Perched atop a rocky mountain above the town of Cassino, Montecassino is a beautiful monastery, famous as being the World War II battle site of Monte Cassino. All reviews danila bracaglia san pietro infine day tour monte cassino wealth of knowledge excellent tour private tour train station personal tour river crossing knowledgeable guide delicious lunch his life world war ii an unforgettable experience food and wine once in a lifetime anyone wanting highlight of our trip my dad commonwealth cemeteries new zealand. Monte Cassino (sometimes called Montecassino) is a rocky hill, around 81 km southeast of Rome in the Latin Valley. "[8], While scholars see some similarities between the story of Benedict's encountering demonic phenomena and diabolic apparitions at Monte Cassino with the story of Saint Anthony the Great's temptation in the desert, the influence of the story of St. Martin is dominant – with the resistance of Satan substituting for Martin's outraged pagan populace. It was for the community of Monte Cassino that the Rule of Saint Benedict was composed. John."[8]. Paganism was still present here, but he managed to turn the place into a well-structured Christian monastery where everybody could have the dignity they deserved through praying and working. It was very fitting that this should be so, for the Poles have suffered dearly. M/S of the Lord Abbot, head of the Anglican community of Benedictine monks, speaking in grounds of abbey. M/S Benedictine monks walking in grounds of Pershore and Nashdom abbey in Kent. The 11th and 12th centuries were the abbey's golden age. The Abbey of Monte Cassino is charming in its timeless beauty and a marvellous place to engage in prayer and meditation. Thus, the monastery became the capital of a state comprising a compact and strategic region between the Lombard principality of Benevento and the Byzantine city-states of the coast (Naples, Gaeta, and Amalfi). In 1322, Pope John XXII elevated the abbey into a bishopric but this was suppressed in 1367. When [Benedict] the man of God arrived, he smashed the idol, overturned the altar and cut down the grove of trees. "[6], Benedict scholars (such as Adalbert de Vogüé and Terrence Kardong) note the heavy influence of Sulpicius Severus' Life of Martin on Pope Gregory I's biography of Benedict, including the account of his seizure of Monte Cassino. According to Gregory the Great's biography of Benedict, Life of Saint Benedict of Nursia, the monastery was constructed on an older pagan site, a temple of Apollo that crowned the hill. 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