The Middle colonies consisted of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Delaware. English Catholics, Scotch Irish Presbyterians, German Lutherans and sectarians, Dutch Reformed, and Anglicans were well represented. The American History Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Except for the Dutch in New York, the English population had managed to maintain or impose their institutions on all other competing cultures. Four of the 13 colonies were located in the area that is still known as New England. [1] In the 1660s, the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch, renaming the area New York after the Duke of York, James II. [21], Ethnically, the Middle Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically diverse British colonies in North America, with settlers coming from all parts of Europe—many as indentured servants. All boys learned a skill or trade. Middle Colonies Facts The Middle Colonies included Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. The middle colonies used a governance platform that alienated the church from controlling the society. In the middle colonies, where, according to the Gazette, about half the adults could sign their names, colonial leaders agreed that education was important but were not concerned with providing it. [4], The Provincial Congress of New Jersey, made up of elected delegates, formed in January 1776 to govern the colony. [22], German immigrants favored the Middle Colonies. [12][17], The Middle Colonies political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. Most were from the West Indies (a little more than 75%) while as … [11][12] Penn's cousin William Markham served as the first colonial deputy governor.[10][12]. The Middle Colonies held a population of about 65,000, compared to New England's 120,000 and the Southern Colonies' 77,000. The first Dutch settlements in the New York area first appeared around 1613. It examines not only “high” matters of theology and leadership, but also elements of faith closer to the experience of the masses of worshippers. [18], The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies. [20] Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence. The Scots-Irish also began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717. For example, in New York, any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship, which made for a diverse (albeit largely Christian) populace. Constant poverty in Scotland caused a large migration in the middle of the 18th century. Families generally held and worked plots of between 40 and 160 acres. These colonies were created to be more tolerant to various religious beliefs, and the population grew to include a variety of backgrounds such as Italian, Germans, Dutch, French, Danes, Swedish, Norwegians, Poles, and Portuguese. During this time, many American Indians were displaced. [26], Many British Middle colonists were Quakers. In 1683, a law was passed that all children must be taught to read and write and be trained in a useful trade. A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30, 1683, giving the colonists many rights, including the rights to taxation without representation. [8] Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon became the royal colony's first governor. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically diverse British colonies in North America, with settlers coming from all parts of Europe. [9] On July 2, 1776, New Jersey enacted the New Jersey State Constitution, soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress, on June 21, to join in a declaration of independence. The 13 Colonies. Under his guidance, Pennsylvania functioned smoothly and grew rapidly. Indentured servitude was especially common in the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the eighteenth century, though fewer worked in agriculture. The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. [20], The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. The partly unglaciated Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby New England Colonies, which contained more rocky soil. German immigration greatly increased around 1717, and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland. This document provided religious freedom, no taxes without assembly approval, and a governor appointed by the proprietors. The North American colonies that were settled by the English are often divided into three different groups: the New England colonies, the Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies. However, the death rate was very high in these colonies as many servants died before they were “acclimatized” to the region. [12] In 1704, Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony. The publication of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 by locally-elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony and began the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. New Jersey and Delaware had a majority British population as well, with 7â11% German-descended colonists, about a 6% African population, and a small contingent of Swedish descendants. Philadelphia and New York became well-known trading centers, with Philadelphia in particular becoming an important shipbuilding center. So too did views on the Native Americans who shared their land. In 1665, the Province of New Jersey split from New York; however, the New York-New Jersey Line War continued until the final borders were decided in 1769, and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively. The Dutch soon claimed the land. The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. The middle colonies were enriched by the culture of people from all over Europe, including Quakers, Scots, Irish, Dutch, French, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, and more. The primary religion of the New England colonies was the strict Puritan Christianity originally brought to the Massachusetts Bay colony by ships like the Mayflower, but as the colonies grew and changed, some of the colonists began to move away from that base. Area dominated by larger farms than N.E., smaller than the S.; still there is an emphasis on subsistence rather than cash crops. By 1685 its population was almost 9,000. Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion, most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler's Rebellion in New York. Penn, upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701, eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution. Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France during the 16th and Reference Maps on the American Revolution 1775-1783. [5], Main article: Province of Pennsylvania Chester Courthouse in Pennsylvania was built in 1724, King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn on March 4, 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family. They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies, where they repeatedly confronted the Indians. The Middle Colonies also raised livestock and exported beef and pork. However by the 1700's about 20% of New York's population was slaves. [6] The first governor appointed in this way was Philip Carteret, who founded Elizabethtown. [14] When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681, he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York, and dubbed them "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River". Despite Quaker opposition to slavery, by 1730, colonists had brought about 4,000 slaves into Pennsylvania. Demographics/population characteristics The population of Delaware was not extremely different, the colonies consisted of English, Dutch, and Swedish settlers.The majority of the colony spoke English. For example, in New York, any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship, leading to a more diverse populace. https://theamericanhistory.fandom.com/wiki/The_Middle_Colonies?oldid=4248. Other groups included the Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Swiss, Scots Highlanders, and Huguenots. However, by the mid-eighteenth century, black slaves comprised twelve percent of the population of New York. They were noted for tight-knit religious communities, mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the Moravians[23], The Scotch-Irish began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717. Nowhere was that diversity more evident in pre-Revolutionary America than in the middle colonies of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Many great men would come from the Middle Colonies. Once colonization had begun, the Middle Colonies were more ethnically diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant. Society in the middle colonies was far more varied, cosmopolitan and tolerant than in New England. *The Middle Colonies were part of the 13 original colonies.The colonies included in the Middle Colonies were: Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. The Middle Colonies held a population of about 65,000, compared to New England's 120,000 and the Southern Colonies' 77,000. [11] As a proprietary colony, Penn governed Pennsylvania, yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws. Main article: Province of New York. These colonies were created to be more tolerant to various religious beliefs, and the population grew to include a variety of backgrounds such as Italian, Germans, Dutch, French, Danes, Swedish, Norwegians, Poles, and Portuguese. This land grant would become the Province of New Jersey.[4][5]. 1610 350 (all in Virginia) 1620 2,302 (Virginia and Plymouth Plantation) 1630 4,646 1640 26,634 The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically diverse British colonies in North America, with settlers coming from all parts of Europe—many as indentured servants. However, upon learning of the constitution, James II declared it void.[3]. There was a brisk business in trade. The New England colonies consisted of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. [13] When Henry Sloughter became the new governor in March 1691, the rebellion was crushed and its leader, Jacob Leisler was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. The Duke of York never governed the colony himself. HOME - HISTORY MAPS - American COLONIES: POPULATION 1775. Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres, owned by the family that worked it. As a consequence, early settlements of Germans from many different sects concentrated in the Middle Colonies. The Middle Colonies had rich soil, allowing the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies' prosperity. The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies prosperity. Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies. Main article: Province of New Jersey Map showing the borders of West New Jersey (left) and East New Jersey (right)King Charles II renamed the land west of the Hudson River New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York James II of England, as a proprietary colony. [16] Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the Susquehanna River, the Delaware River, and the Hudson River attracted diverse business. While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams, left to found Rhode Island, Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York. In 1683, a law was passed that all children must be taught to read and write and be trained in a useful trade. In many ways, Pennsylvania and Delaware owed their initial success to William Penn. Civil unrest in Europe and other colonies saw an influx of immigrants to the Middle Colonies in the 18th century. The Middle Region included the colonies of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Typically religious men of the English or Welsh origin that range from wealthy to lower middle class and are very determined if they crossed the seas to colonize. The Southern Colonies were an Oligarchy, which meant that wealthy plantation owners controlled the government since they could pay for their expenses. When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664, many Quakers from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans, while Episcopalian businessmen settled in Philadelphia and New York City. Southern colonies were made up of a mix of indentured servants, wealthy elite, … These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations, evolving especially during the French and Indian War. The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664, when Sir Robert Carr took New Amstel for the Duke of York, renaming it New Castle. Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress, and a center for revolution. In the middle colonies, where, according to the Gazette, about half the adults could sign their names, colonial leaders agreed that education was important but were not concerned with providing it. In New York's Hudson Valley, however, the Dutch patroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers. In May 1688 the province became part of the Dominion of New England. Civil unrest in Europe and other colonies saw an influx of immigrants to the Middle Colonies in the 18th century. In Pennsylvania, sawmills and grist mills were abundant, and the textile industry grew quickly. He instead appointed governors, councils, and other officers to run the government. As the colonies were established throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the population grew immensely, starting at just 2,000 people and rising to over 2 million. Below are the original thirteen colonies, separated into three groups based on location: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, and Southern Colonies. Other important industries including printing, publishing, the related industry of papermaking. Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat, corn, rye, hemp, and flax,[12] making it the leading food producer in the colonies, and later states, between the years of 1725 and 1840. The most common solution was indentured servitude of young whites. [12] When the British banned western expansion in 1764, fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled. The Middle Colonies had many places where open access to deep water and protected coves line the shoreline. In 1732, the 13 colonies were complete. The middle colonies were extremely diverse in their demographics. Look for important similarities and differences. Demographics of the Middle Colonies. 1610 350 (all in Virginia) 1620 2,302 (Virginia and Plymouth Plantation) [11] From 1692 to 1694, revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony. The United States Declaration of Independence ended their colonial status. [20], Labor was always in short supply. These industries, along with the presence of deep river estuaries, led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia. American Indian tribes had long occupied the area that was conquered as the British Middle Colonies. A Colonial Assembly convened in October 1683, making New York the last colony to seat an assembly. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 was the first attempt to abolish slavery in the colonies and what would become the United States. Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s through the ultimately the Dutch claimed the land, calling it New Netherland. Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England, having been excluded from the New England Confederation, but later joined the Dominion of New England. This coupled with religious freedom gave more options to immigrants who were migrating from Europe. Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, Dutch Calvinists, and Presbyterians were all represented, which made it impossible for one religion to dominate and gave a greater freedom of religion than any of the New England Colonies, with exception to Rhode Island. They were unusual, however, for their degree … As of early 2017, the US population is just shy of 325 million people, a 130X increase over 241 years. They were noted for tight-knit religious communities, which were often Lutheran. One difference was their demographic makeup. [2] James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. Map of the British Colonies in North America 1763-1775 Colonies in Northern America. The Middle Colonies shared the fertile land of the Southern Colonies and many large fields of wheat could be found and they shared the industry of timber and fishing. [24] Other groups included the French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Swiss, and Scots Highlanders.[25]. New York's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony. This tolerance was unusual and distinct from other British colonies. John Peter Zenger was arrested for writing against the royal governor of New York. In April 1775, American patriots formed the New York Provincial Congress to replace the assembly. The chart below shows the total population of Britain’s colonies from the founding of Jamestown, Va., in 1607 to the 1790 census, the first census of the U.S. government. [19] However, there were numerous pockets of neutrals and Loyalists. Americans have often prided themselves on their rich diversity. New England, on the other hand, used the teachings of the church to control the government. Thus, the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island's colonial boundaries. As a consequence, early German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region. Identify the cultural groups that made up the Middle Colonies. The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies, and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry. The chart below shows the total population of Britain’s colonies from the founding of Jamestown, Va., in 1607 to the 1790 census, the first census of the U.S. government. In New York's Hudson Valley, however, the Dutch poltroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers. Demographics in the colonies: Both the Chesapeake and Southern colonies were made up of a majority of single, young, white men who worked as indentured servants. After Hyde was recalled to England in 1708 over charges of graft, bribery, and corruption, the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey. Many of the frontier provinces saw influxes of immigrants due to the availability of cheap land. The Middle Colonies were not as cohesive as the New England colonies because colonists in this region were not united by single religion or code of beliefs. Deep water allowed for numerous entries … The Middle Colonies included Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. A system in Dutch colonial New York in which vast grants of land were given to investors, who in turn rented the lands to tenant farmers. [7] This sale divided New Jersey into East Jersey and West Jersey; however, the border between the two was not agreed upon until the Quintipartite Deed in 1676. [2][3] The colony's land was periodically granted to various proprietors and split into the Province of New York and the Province of Pennsylvania. Munsee inhabited the Highlands, Hudson Valley, and northern New Jersey, while Minquas, also known as the Susquehannocks, lived west of the Zuyd River along and beyond the Susquehanna River. The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products, including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon. Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation. 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