More than two million Hutus and Tutsis are located across the boundaries of Rwanda and Burundi in neighbouring states. These countries are currently member states of the ICGLR. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. The Great Lakes region (rarely: Greater Lakes region) consists of countries that surround the African Great Lakes. To understand the regional dimension of ethnicity in the Great Lakes Region, one first has to understand that the ethnic distribution of Hutus and Tutsis is not confined within political boundaries. For example, if fish prefer to spawn on certain shores of the lake but can't be caught there, controls could become more transnational by setting up catch quotas and limiting the number of fishing boats from both countries rather than maintaining strict border surveillance. East Africa is home to some of the largest and deepest lakes in the world. Many of them have experienced some form of military conflagration. Fishermen prepare their nets on the shore of Lake Malawi. Esty, D.C., Goldstone, J.A., Gurr, T.R., Surko, P. and Unger, A.N. October 2016. This section will focus on the main causes that trigger conflict in a country, which results in a regional spillover such as ethnic divisions, lack of access to land and natural resources, and democracy and governance challenges. Democracy was imposed on African countries in the early 1990s and seems to have had unexpected results in Great Lakes Region countries. The remaining crucial question is whether the new way of defining democracy in Great Lakes Region countries will be another significant underlying cause of further conflict, either in the near future or in the long run. Regional Conflict System in International Relations and Peace and Conflict Studies. The conflict in the DRC (formerly known as Zaire) has involved seven nations. Rather, the purpose here is to provide an overview of the root causes of conflicts in Great Lakes Region countries, their maintenance factors, their interconnectivity and their consequences on people. These conflicts have not been confined to national borders but have had regional dimensions and implications that have further exacerbated their scope and negative impact on the region. 2011-09-13 . Over a 20-year period, this region has experienced genocide in Rwanda, civil war in Burundi and cross-border conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), exacerbated by … In the ongoing dispute over their claims to land and resources, some states still invoke this colonial-era demarcation. Contributions by Alfred Anangwe, Janine N. Clark, Harriet K. Bibangambah, Marie-Soleil Frere, Doreen Alusa, Eric A. Ochen, Lindsay M. McClain, Elias O. Opongo, Hannington Ochwada and Ozonnia Ojielo . East Africa Food Crisis 2011 Posted Sunday, July 31, 2011. The role of youth organizations in peacebuilding in the African Great Lakes Region: A rough transition from local and non-governmental to the national and governmental peacebuilding efforts in Burundi and eastern DRC. The inability of the governments of the day to manage multi-ethnic societies by ensuring equitable access to natural resources, rule of law and political inclusion creates a ripe context for conflict, as social and political elites play on ethnic divisions and prevailing stereotypes. ... and by participating in other conflicts in the Great Lakes region of Africa. The Great Lakes Region has experienced a paradox of democracy and elections triggering violence, instead of entrenching good governance and contributing to stability. The Great Lake Region consists of countries in east and central Africa (Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda), forming a complex network of political and economic interactions with implications for peace issues, security and governance. This chapter probes the roots and dynamics of ethnic conflicts in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa by focusing on three case studies: Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. In the case of Kenya, the chapter argues that the Moi regime was the chief architect of the instrumental use of ethnicity as a strategy for the maintenance of power. The classic categorisation of conflicts as interstate and intrastate in the Great Lakes Region seems inapplicable, since the conflicts tend to expand geographically and their epicentre shifts from one locus to another. Over the course of a year, hundreds of fishing boats were burned and many nets destroyed. Mr President, the Great Lakes region, historically characterised by internal conflict and tensions between neighbours, is experiencing a new momentum towards … Regional Bureau for East And Horn of Africa, and the Great Lakes Region - Refugees and Asylum-Seekers by country of asylum (as of 31 October 2020) "The area around these lakes — Lake Albert and Lake Edward — used to be united, and it was the Europeans who divided it up," DRC Ambassador in Uganda, Jean-Pierre Masala, told DW. Read “Conflicts in Africa—Introduction” to learn more. Richard Karemire, a spokesman for the Ugandan army, says there is no conflict with the so-called "friendly troops" from the neighboring country. The African Great Lakes Region: An End to Conflict? This article explores why Africa has been largely ignored and what some of the root causes of the problems are. Journal of Peace Education, online publication, 1-38. For example, the genocide in Rwanda increased cross-border ethnic affiliations between it, the DRC and regional ethnic-based rebel groups. Land use and land access are significant factors in a number of high-intensity conflicts in the Great Lakes Region. ", Read more: Lake Edward: The source of Uganda, DRC row. Conflict is producing new competition for land, as part of a wider renegotiation of the local economic space and redrawing of ethnic, class and other ‘boundaries’ between groups.14, The link between natural resources and conflicts in the Great Lakes Region has been demonstrated by a large number of studies and specialists. Finally, the analysis in this article is incomplete in explaining all possible root causes and dynamics of conflicts in the Great Lakes Region. … It is based exclusively on public documents and it partially uses the Case study prepared by Lina Milner published in the first edition of this book.] Into mid-2011, the world’s worst food crisis is being felt in East Africa, in Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya. For almost five decades, the more regimes in the Great Lakes Region tried to open up the political arena and implement core democratic and good governance principles – such as freedom of speech, the right to demonstrations, a multiparty system, transparent and fair elections, and accountability – the more violence and conflict were likely to happen. To say that Central Africa has been a tumultuous region for the last three decades is an understatement. Le Billon, P. (2001) The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflict. A BETTER PEACE welcomes … Violent conflicts in Great Lakes Region countries – especially in the DRC, Rwanda and Burundi – have inflicted enormous cost at national and regional level. Some fishermen welcomed this turn of events, as it allowed fish stocks which were being threatened by overfishing to recover. It further resulted in a significant number of ‘warrior’ refugees, who destabilised Rwanda and the eastern part of the DRC at the same time. Conflict Minerals; Africa Great Lakes Region "The year 2011 heralded the convergence of various initiatives seeking to curtail the financing of conflict in the Great Lakes region through the illegal exploitation of minerals. 14 Series Editor Judi W. Wakhungu African … They are polarised along identity and ethnic dimensions that are regionalised and manifest in political violence.31 Transnational ethnic groups and porous boundaries facilitate the ‘inter-contamination’ of violent conflict. 2011-09-13 . Timeline. Places [N.B. However, the Great Lakes Region has experienced situations where refugees were able to trigger significantly more destabilising dynamics by impacting directly on ethnic relations in their host countries, or by building a base for rebel group mobilisation and operations.21 Some refugee situations have created new conflicts in host countries, while worsening the conflict in their country of origin through cross-border attacks. Second, in the case of the Ituri territory, contested purchase and the expansion of agricultural and ranching concessions have been identified as some of the proximate causes of violence,13 and the same may be true in Masisi. The adjective interlacustrine ("between lakes") can refer to the region, or more specifically, the nations or area bounded by the lakes. Armed groups, including child soldiers, are coerced and driven across borders to fight. Email; Share; Tweet; Share; Comment; This is the first in this year’s series of posts by PhD students on the job market. Vasu Gounden. 'Fish do not comply with international law'. Two-thirds of the world's conflicts are in Africa. made a much greater effort to protect their borders, and their renewed commitment to address trans-border and spillover conflict issues constitute an important window of opportunity. International conference on finding solutions to the insecurity challenges in the Great Lakes region of Africa, held in Oslo, Norway 24. The root causes and dynamics of conflict in the Great Lakes Region are multiple and complex. Africa Contested waters: Conflict on Africa's Great Lakes. Driven by genocide, civil war, political instabilities, ethnic and pastoral hostilities, the African Great Lakes Region, primarily Uganda, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi, has been overwhelmingly defined by conflict. In some cases, citizens are allowed to vote for or against the change of the constitution through a referendum. Mari cautions against imposing overly strict measures on fishermen in the area who rely on the lake for food. The instability in the eastern DRC then gave Burundian armed groups the opportunity and a rear base to attack their country. In fact, in this region the existence of transnational ethnic groups plays an important role in conflict diffusion or escalation.19 For example, Hutu and Tutsi groups that are part of the social structure in Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC were directly involved in the eastern DRC conflicts between 1996 and 2003. Case Study, Armed Conflicts in the Great Lakes Region (1994-2005) The PDF of this page is being created. It comprises Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. A colonial-era agreement means Malawi claims the whole surface of the lake which does not cross into Mozambique, But there's another big problem, according to Clark. and Rothchild, D. (1998) Spreading Fear: The Genesis of Transnational Ethnic Conflict. The COVID-19 situation in the East and Horn of Africa, and the Great Lakes (EHAGL) region is in its ninth month since the first cases were reported in March 2020. The systematic analysis of causal factors focuses on the following: Colonial legacy; inadequate political systems and political parties' cleavages; poor management of transitions and foreign negative interferences. Malawi, for example, is entitled to claim the entire northern half of Lake Malawi on the border with Tanzania, according to an agreement dating back to 1890. According to Le Billon,15 two different types of conflicts in the region are due to natural resources. Wimmer, A. The African Great Lakes Region: An End to Conflict? Politics and violence in Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and other regional states is much interrelated. Downloadable! The United Nations (UN) has long been engaged in efforts to bring peace and stability to Africa’s Great Lakes region, which has been plagued by decades of political instability and armed conflicts, porous borders and humanitarian crises, as well as tensions over natural resources and other potentially destabilizing factors. This paper discusses factors underlying internal and international conflicts in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. At one time or another, every single Great Lakes Region country has received refugees from its neighbouring countries. We will sample your texts in our show. "You can see it on the land, but not on the water." "For example, women should be able to drop their nets from the shore, or else there is a risk that even more poverty and hunger will persist. With UN-sponsored peace processes underway in DRC and Burundi and projects of state … In Rwanda, unequal access to land is one of the structural causes of poverty that was exploited by the organisers of the genocide. The African Great Lakes Region (GLR) has witnessed some of the most intense violence and protracted conflict of the last half-century. But many of them also mark the borders between countries, leading to protracted conflicts over sovereignty and natural resources. Understanding Ethnic Conflict in Post-colonial Societies. October 2016. Another term of the current president obtained after the 2015 elections – considered by the opposition as a third term (unconstitutional and violating the 2000 Arusha Peace Agreement), and by the ruling party as a second term (legal and constitutional) – has triggered a violent conflict. Politics and violence in Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and other regional states is much interrelated. Regional Bureau for East And Horn of Africa, and the Great Lakes Region - Refugees, Asylum-Seekers, Refugee Returnees and IDPs (as of 31 November 2020) Uganda + 12 more. In particular, the Great Lakes region (Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda and Tanzania) continues to see conflicts that are complex, extreme and seemingly intractable. He works on Lake Edward, which is lies between the Uganda-DRC border. The difficulties in addressing basic needs for various ethnic groups equitably can be seen within the context of state policies that have been weakened by conflicts, and whose ability to guarantee security of the life and property of its citizens is diminished.5. The Great Lakes region has been home to some of Africa’s most intractable and turbulent conflicts. Many of the refugees were Hutu ethnics fleeing the predominantly Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front, which had gained control of the country at the end of the genocide. Existing literature on conflict in the Great Lakes Region recognises ethnic dynamics as a strong conflict driver in these countries.7 However, it must be noted that the presence of diverse ethnic groups in a specific country, in and of itself, is not sufficient to trigger conflict. Scholars have identified the Great Lakes Region as consisting of not only the DRC, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania, but also including South Sudan, Somalia, Sudan, Angola, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Central African Republic (CAR) and Republic of Congo 3 – all of which share the ravages and fallout of these intractable conflicts. However, complaints soon arose accusing some members of the BMUs of illegal fishing and corruption. The Great Lakes Region has always been a conflict prone region that has witnessed some of the most horrendous conflicts on the African continent. Therefore, in Great Lakes Region countries, there is a tendency to restrict some democratic rights – such as the freedom of speech and free political activity – in the name of national security, peace and stability. THE GREAT LAKES REGION CONFLICT CASE STUDY OF DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO OLIVER WAFULA MAMILI (R50/80855/2012) 0712853758 Supervisor: Dr. Anita Kiamba A Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts in International Studies NOVEMBER 2015. i DECLARATION “This dissertation is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any … Third, the present conflict has radically changed land access patterns through a number of mechanisms, including forced displacement and shifts in the level of authority enjoyed by different customary and administrative leaders. Legal notice | Finally, the negative consequences of conflicts in the Great Lakes Region are not limited to the national level. Small arms and financial resources flow across borders, and people are forced to flee their homes and criss-cross the region to escape violence, starvation and injustice. Since the early 1990s the African Great Lakes region – defined here as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania – has been convulsed by genocide, civil wars, inter-state conflict and flawed democratic transitions. Negotiations between the two countries continued without a satisfactory result. "If these units are able to control themselves, including when and how much is fished and under what conditions — such as only using coarse mesh — they are able to secure their own interests, because they want their children to live off of fishing as well," says Mari. Two-thirds of the world's conflicts are in Africa. It is also a region with interlinked conflicts and common fundamental problems that emanate from post-colonial challenges to state-building and nation-building. Regional dimensions of conflict in the Great Lakes. Africa’s Great Lakes Regions comprises of the countries of Burundi, DRCongo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania & Uganda. Another factor that plays a crucial role in spreading conflict from one Great Lakes Region country to another is forced migration flows. LAND, CONFLICT AND LIVELIHOODS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION Testing Policies to the Limit. In addition, conflicts in Great Lakes Region countries have always been interconnected. The International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) is an intergovernmental organisation of the countries in the African Great Lakes Region that seeks to promote sustainable peace and development. Chaos and violent upheavals have left in their path a deadly trail of destruction and blood shed. In 2014, to appease Rwandan authorities, hundreds of F… Some observers have been pushing for an out of court settlement — however, the recent discovery of oil beneath the lake has only complicated matters further. Limited access to land, exacerbated by its inequitable distribution, and similarly insecurity (brought about by frequent episodes of population displacement and subsequent redistribution of land by the state), have been described as key aspects of the ‘structural conflict’ – patterns of economic domination and exclusion that create deprivation and social tension, and prepare the way for violence.9, Land claim and redistribution was one of the reasons for the failure of the Arusha Agreement (1993), which was supposed to end a four-year war between the government and Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) rebels, and perhaps even prevent the 1994 genocide. The Unintended Consequences of Regulating ‘Conflict Minerals’ in Africa’s Great Lakes Region: Guest Post by Jeffrey R. Bloem . They also seem to have failed to establish inclusive political institutions, thus resulting in unequal representation in decision-making and access to land and natural resources. However, few regional states have the capacity to effectively administer their remote, expansive border areas. These conflicts have not been confined to national borders but have had regional dimensions and implications that have further exacerbated their scope and negative impact on the region. Often, these issues underlie actual or perceived inequalities and grievances between identity groups, which can lead to, among other outcomes, the violent expression of these grievances.6 These factors also relate to structural problems of weak governance and economic mismanagement – such as an unaccountable security sector, debt burdens, unpopular macro-economic policies, the collapse of social services and poor terms of trade. Ansorg, N. (2011) How Does Militant Violence Diffuse in Regions? Kenyan fishermen check their nets in the early morning on Lake Victoria. The refugee and IDPs crisis has been an issue of concern with regard to peace and security. A key step in the efforts has been the adoption, on This was how things worked on Lake Victoria until recently. Contested waters: Conflict on Africa's Great Lakes East Africa is home to some of the largest and deepest lakes in the world. These factors include the division of ethnic groups, refugee flows, transnational arms trafficking, the weakness of ‘infected’ neighbouring states and porous boundaries.18, Naturally, the strength of transnational links and the danger of spreading internal conflict can differ from one country to the next. In early July, Ugandan soldiers fired on Congolese fishermen on Lake Edward, following alleged clashes with the Congolese army.13 of them were killed and 92 more arrested, according to reports from the DRC side of the border. T1 - Service Responses for Survivors of Conflict and Post-Conflict Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and Torture in the Great Lakes Region. It is estimated that in Rwanda, at district level, at least 80% of disputes reported to administrators are centred on land – and in certain areas, the figure is as high as 95%.10 The National Unity and Reconciliation Committee, which conducted consultations across the country, found that land disputes are “the greatest factor hindering sustainable peace”.11, Inequitable access to land has long been one of several structural causes of conflict in Burundi, and contributes to poverty and grievances against the government and elite groups. Most of the time, a violent confrontation within a state or society has negative regional effects: criminalisation of the regional economy, drug and mineral trafficking, money laundering, arms flow, and the use of mercenaries and armed groups to destabilise neighbouring weak states with fragile institutions.30. For over 20 years, conflict minerals have been illegally exploited and traded to fund and sustain armed conflict in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, specifically in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (Nzambo-ko-Atumba, 2004; Onana, 2009; Onana, 2012; UN Security Council, 2002). First, insecure or insufficient access to land in many parts of the east is a significant factor in the impoverishment of thousands of rural people, and is a ‘structural’ cause of conflict. "This is a time of extreme economic pressure in Uganda and the central government is beginning to feel this," he told DW. In 1993, land disputes related to the return of refugees significantly contributed to the deterioration of the political situation, which culminated in a coup d’état and the assassination of President Melchior Ndadaye. This conflict can be traced back to the colonial era. The rift among key Afr… This fragility is an obstacle to the strengthening of regional institutions and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Taxes, resources, and refugees fuel disputes, The tension along the Ugandan-DRC lake border is symptomatic of the entire Great Lakes region in East Africa, says Phil Clark, an expert on Africa from SOAS University of London. With UN-sponsored peace processes underway in DRC and Burundi and projects of state … Journal of Peace Education, online publication, 1-38. "Fish do not comply with international law," he told DW. Development Impact Guest Blogger | November 25, 2019. Furthermore, the availability of land and mineral resources in the DRC resulted in enormous economic interests for neighbouring and other countries, who benefit from the illegal trade of minerals during civil wars. This chapter probes the roots and dynamics of ethnic conflicts in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa by focusing on three case studies: Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. In terms of democracy and governance, they have been struggling to establish a consensual electoral system which would, inter alia, guarantee a peaceful transfer of power. Timeline. East Africa is home to some of the largest and deepest lakes in the world. Conflicts in the Great Lakes Region have also caused extensive damage to public and private infrastructure. We use cookies to improve our service for you. Ewald, J., Nilsson, A., Närman, A. and Stí¥lgren, P. (2004). tens of thousands of refugees from DRC's embattled north-east region have crossed the lake seeking safety in Uganda, Lake Edward: The source of Uganda, DRC row, Most of the gas was found on the Rwandan side of the lake. As all these refugees fled conflicts with a strong ethnic background, it was very easy to see how these conflicts spread into the host countries, since there are similar ethnic groups and dynamics across borders. The regional dynamics between natural resources and conflicts have created a security complex due to contextual challenges such as the multiplicity of actors and motivating factors; governance challenges due to a weak state presence, failed regulation enforcement and poor infrastructure; the state of the mining industry, which is largely informal and unregulated; and the prevalence of armed groups in the region, as well as their use of natural resources to finance conflicts.17 As a result, natural resources that should benefit the region – and its people – have been exploited to finance conflict in the absence of the rule of law. The Great Lakes Region: A pilot project of the “EU-UN Partnership on Land, Natural Resources and Conflict Prevention” Managing and resolving natural resource-induced conflicts Ð Synthesis 2 Genocide and the Great Lakes reGion iii. Once in the host country, refugees pose a threat to local stability by fuelling competition over resources such as food, land and jobs. Francisco Mari, an adviser on world food, agricultural trade and maritime policy, advocates for the sharing of resources. : This case study was prepared by Thomas de Saint Maurice for the French edition of this book. The current sociopolitical dynamics show that generally, political leaders in the Great Lakes Region have noticed that the application of universal democracy was passively correlated to violence and conflicts. Chaos and violent upheavals have left in their path a deadly trail of destruction and blood shed. This system was regulated by the fishermen themselves, through an association known as Beach Management Units (BMU). For example, Burundi has received Rwandan and DRC refugees, the DRC has received Rwandan and Burundian refugees, and Rwanda has received Burundian and DRC refugees. This has been fueled and supported by various national and international corporations and other regimes which have an interest … (1995), Lake, D.A. Similarly, massive displacements and refugee flows across borders in each Great Lakes Region country also spreads the effects of the conflicts within and across neighbouring countries. Send us a text at +49-160-9575 9510. International SMS charges apply. Violent conflicts in Great Lakes Region countries – especially in the DRC, Rwanda and Burundi – have inflicted enormous cost at national and regional level. "The border is not visible on the lake," a Congolese fisherman tells DW. The post-independence history of some of the countries of the Great Lakes Region has been marked by conflicts. Driven by genocide, civil war, political instabilities, ethnic and pastoral hostilities, the African Great Lakes Region, primarily Uganda, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi, has been overwhelmingly defined by conflict. Photo credit: Wikipedia Commons. Weiss, H. (2000) War and Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This documentary is an attempt to realize the whole picture of conflict marred by Human Rights abuse and Genocide that unite Central … Some trace their ancestry to either the DRC’s North Kivu province (Banyarwanda) or its South Kivu province (Banyamulenge).8 So, once a conflict with an ethnic factor erupts in Rwanda, Burundi or eastern DRC, it is very easy for politicians and other elites who have direct interests to manipulate and exploit these ethnic ties to create alliances, regardless of the boundaries of the three countries. So far, threats to bring the dispute before the International Court of Justice have not materialized. Most importantly, there is also an increasing tendency to change the constitution and remove things such as term limits clauses.24 These moves seek to allow leaders another opportunity to compete and possibly stay in power, so as to sustain the relative security and peace their countries have been enjoying during their political mandate. Taking precedence has been the role of revenue-generating, non-renewable, lootable natural resources in the regionalisation of insecurity, proliferation of small arms, violent conflict and regional smuggling networks.16. Van Leeuwen, M. (2008) Imagining the Great Lakes Region: Discourses and Practices of Civil Society Regional Approaches for Peacebuilding in Rwanda, Burundi and DR Congo. ", Handling a potential conflict ahead of time. At that time, Germany conceded the entire body of water to the British territory — today known as Malawi. Privacy Policy | The Great Lakes region has been home to some of Africa’s most intractable and turbulent conflicts. You can find more information in our data protection declaration. The colonial power artificially drew the borders between the states — and often along the lakes — explains Clark. In Lake, D.A. Both countries claim the island for themselves, with Ugandan and Kenyan police occupying the island at various times. Though consultation with citizens before any constitutional change is always considered as the application of a core democratic principle, its validity depends on the context and conditions in which the referendum vote is organised. Photo credit: Wikipedia Commons. Research and empirical studies demonstrate that countries surrounded by conflictual neighbours face a higher risk of instability, and even civil war, than those with peaceful neighbours. However, many would like to see a return to self-governance. 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Your name and your country to natural resources as did the international Court of Justice have not.. Spreading conflict from one Great Lakes Region Le Billon, P. ( 2004 ), '' told... Post-Independence history of some of the Great Lakes Region: an End to conflict due to natural resources conflict... To effectively administer their remote, expansive border areas potential conflict ahead of time by Jeffrey Bloem... To contain huge quantities of methane gas, unequal access to land one. Have also been a conflict prone Region that has witnessed some of the Sustainable development Goals D.C., Goldstone J.A.. War and Peace and conflict between Rwanda and the illicit trade of natural resources fuel at! To govern the area another, every single Great Lakes Region ; conflict and Peacebuilding in Great. Lies between the Uganda-DRC border he told DW System in international Relations and Peace in the DRC... Huge quantities of methane gas Under these poverty conditions, fishing for subsidence must be allowed to for. Stocks which were being threatened by overfishing to recover an obstacle to the national level as allowed... Peace Education, online publication, 1-38 charges apply and by participating in conflicts... Drc then gave Burundian armed groups to defend themselves T.R., Surko, P. 2001. Common fundamental problems that emanate from post-colonial challenges to state-building and nation-building, it also possesses extraordinary for... Destructive conflicts, it also possesses extraordinary potential for conflict in the Great Lakes Region African in. ( 2001 ) the Political Ecology of War: natural resources not visible on the.. Driven across borders to fight result, there are security challenges for both the refugees country! 31, 2011 to state-building and nation-building the post-independence history of some the! ) how does Militant violence Diffuse in Regions at various times national level and! Another factor that plays a crucial role in spreading conflict from one Great Lakes Region ; conflict Peacebuilding.: this case study was prepared by Thomas de Saint Maurice for the continent Post... The island at various times the two countries continued without a satisfactory result Africa Contested waters: conflict Africa! Poverty that was exploited by the fishermen themselves, with Ugandan and Kenyan police occupying the island at various.! Is forced migration flows to improve our service for you forced migration flows be concerned exploitation and the illicit of. In this article explores why Africa has been marked by conflicts Kenyan occupying. Form of military conflagration ‘ Uganda Feels the Strain of the world 's conflicts are Africa... The genocide, Hutus fled to the DRC to recruit combatants for cross-border to! Please make sure to include your name and your country neighbouring countries and armed conflict a....
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